• Carbon letters
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to biofuels such as ethanol and other value-added bio-products including activated carbons has attracted much attention. The development of an efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly pretreatment process is a major challenge in lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel conversion. Although several modern pretreatment technologies have been introduced, few promising technologies have been reported. Microwave irradiation or microwave-assisted methods (physical and chemical) for pretreatment (disintegration) of biomass have been gaining popularity over the last few years owing to their high heating efficiency, lower energy requirements, and easy operation. Acid and alkali pretreatments assisted by microwave heating meanwhile have been widely used for different types of lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Additional advantages of microwave-based pretreatments include faster treatment time, selective processing, instantaneous control, and acceleration of the reaction rate. The present review provides insights into the current research and advantages of using microwave-assisted pretreatment technologies for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars in the process of cellulosic ethanol production.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.274-286
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• 2009

목질바이오매스 원료는 구성성분 특성 및 분포상 생물 화학적 전환에 매우 큰 장애요소를 지니고 있다. 특히 셀룰로우스를 이용하고자 하는 경우의 리그닌 장애는 해결해야 할 중요한 요소로 인식되고 있어 바이오에탄올 생산에서도 당화공정에 앞서 전처리 공정이 필연적이며 최종 에탄올 수율 및 생산비용에도 영향이 커서 다양한 전처리 방법들이 제안되고 있는 상황이다. 본 총설은 문헌연구를 통하여 최근 세계적으로 진행되고 있는 목질바이오매스 대상의 전처리 연구에 대한 동향을 파악하고, 이들 전처리공정의 특징 및 장단점을 분석하여 국내 목질바이오매스 원료 및 생산여건에 적합한 공정 연구 개발에 필요한 기초자료를 마련하고자 하였다. 국내외적으로 활발하게 연구되는 주요 전처리 기술은 각각 공정 및 경제성 면에서 장단점이 있어 원료나 생산여건 환경에 따라 적합한 전처리 공정을 선택해야 할 필요가 있는 것으로 고찰되었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.216-223
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• 2015

The present work explores the potential of wet air oxidation (WAO) for pretreatment of mixed lignocellulosic biomass to enhance enzymatic convertibility. Rice husk and wheat straw mixture (1:1 mass ratio) was used as a model mixed lignocellulosic biomass. Post-WAO treatment, cellulose recovery in the solid fraction was in the range of 86% to 99%, accompanied by a significant increase in enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose present in the solid fraction. The highest enzymatic conversion efficiency, 63% (by weight), was achieved for the mixed biomass pretreated at $195^{\circ}C$, 5 bar, 10 minutes compared to only 19% in the untreated biomass. The pretreatment under the aforesaid condition also facilitated 52% lignin removal and 67% hemicellulose solubilization. A statistical design of experiments on WAO process conditions was conducted to understand the effect of process parameters on pretreatment, and the predicted responses were found to be in close agreement with the experimental data. Enzymatic hydrolysis experiments with WAO liquid fraction as diluent showed favorable results with sugar enhancement up to $10.4gL^{-1}$.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.54-59
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• 2021

섬유소계 바이오매스는 전분질계 바이오매스에 비해 리그닌이 많아 전처리가 필수적으로 요구된다. 섬유소계 바이오매스를 전처리하기 위한 용매인 에탄올은 효소당화(enzymatic hydrolysis)에 저해가 되는 물질을 분별하기 쉬우며, 증류를 과정을 통해 쉽게 재사용이 가능하다. 침출식 전처리 공정은 반응기 내에서 연속적으로 성분을 분별하여 고-액 분리가 용이하며 향후 스케일업에서도 유리하다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 장점들을 활용하여 대표 섬유소계 바이오매스인 옥수수대(corn stover)로 전처리를 진행하였으며 해당 공정을 밀대(wheat straw)와 거대억새(miscanthus)에 적용하여 추가적인 바이오매스의 적용 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2010

Bio-ethanol is a promising alternative energy source for reducing both consumption of crude oil and environmental pollution from renewable resources like lignocellulosic biomass such as wood, forest residuals, agricultural leftovers and urban wastes. Based on current technologies, the cost of ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials is relatively high, and the main challenges are the low yield and high cost of the hydrolysis process. Development of more efficient pretreatment technology (physical, chemical, physico-chemical, and biological pretreatment), integration of several microbiological conversions into fewer reactors, and increasing ethanol production capacity may decrease specific investment for ethanol producing plants. The purpose of pretreatment of lignocellulosic material is to improve the accessible surface area of cellulose for hydrolytic enzymes and enhance the conversion of cellulose to glucose and finally high yield ethanol production which is economic and environmental friendly.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.45-50
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• 1997

This research was studied for dissolving pulp preparation as the raw material of viscose rayon from woody biomass by solvolysis pretreatment. In the change of pulp characteristic after solvolysis pretreatment, the following results were obtained. In the case of solvolysis pretreatment, we have obtained pulp that high purity cellulose, and degree of polymerization was inclined to decrease less than 440 on the phosphoric acid as catalyst. Comparing phosphoric acid and formic acid as catalyst in the solvolysis pretreatment, using on formic acid catalyst is superior to phosphoric acid catalyst for making dissolving pulp.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.441-446
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• 2018

초본계 바이오매스는 목본계 바이오매스에 비해 구조가 견고하지 않아 화학적 전환이 용이하다. 하지만 당질계 바이오매스에 비해 리그닌이 많아 전처리가 필수적으로 요구된다. 오르가노솔브는 리그닌과 같은 효소당화에 저해가 되는 물질을 분별하기 쉬우며 특히 에탄올과 같은 낮은 분자량의 용매는 증류를 통해 재사용이 용이하다는 장점이 있다. 한편 침출식 전처리 공정은 기존의 회분식 공정에서 문제점으로 언급되었던 분별된 성분들의 재결합 현상을 방지할 수 있고 고-액 분리가 용이하다는 장점이 있으며, 향후 스케일업에도 유리하다. 아직까지는 바이오알코올 생산 공정 중 전처리 과정에서 소모되는 에너지 비용이 크기 때문에 본 연구의 전처리에서는 촉매 없이 에탄올만을 이용해 부가공정의 발생을 줄이려고 했다. 침출식 전처리는 $150{\sim}190^{\circ}C$에서 30~99.5 wt% 에탄올을 이용하여 20~60분 동안 수행되었다. 높은 반응온도와 긴 반응시간은 에너지 소모가 크기 때문에 물리적 전처리 방법과의 연계를 적용하여 에너지 저감의 가능성을 알아보았다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2020

Lignocellulosic biomass has recalcitrant characteristics against chemical and biological conversion due to its structural heterogeneity and complexity. The pretreatment process to overcome these recalcitrant properties is essential, especially for the biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. In recent years, pretreatment methods using ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as the green solvent has attracted great attention because of their advantages such as easy recovery, chemical stability, temperature stability, nonflammability, low vapor pressure, and wide liquids range. However, there are some limitations such as high viscosity, poor economical feasibility, etc. to be solved for practical use. This paper reviewed the research activities on the pretreatment effect of various ILs including DESs and their co-solvents with organic solvents on the enzymatic saccharification efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass and the nanocellulose preparation from the pretreated products.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.187-195
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• 2011

In this study, dilute acid pretreatment of $Liriodendron$ $tulipifera$ was performed for enzymatic hydrolysis. As the pretreatment temperature was increased, enzymatic hydrolysis and enzyme adsorption yield also increased. The highest enzymatic hydrolysis yield was 57% (g/g) and enzyme adsorption was 44% (g/g). Enzymatic hydrolysis yield was determined with weight loss of pretreated biomass by enzyme, and enzyme adsorption was a percentage of enzyme weight attaching on pretreated biomass compared with input enzyme weight. When $L.$ $tulipifera$ was pretreated with 1% sulfuric acid at $160^{\circ}C$ for 5 min., hemicellulose was significantly removed in pretreatment, but the lignin contents were constant. Other changes in surface morphology were detected on biomass pretreated at $160^{\circ}C$ by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). A large number of spherical shapes known as lignin droplets were observed over the entire biomass surface after pretreatment. Hemicellulose removal and morphological changes improved enzyme accessibility to cellulose by increasing cellulose exposure to enzyme. It is thus evidence that enzyme adsorption is a significant factor to understand pretreatment effectiveness.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.448-452
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• 2016

새로운 수송용 에너지자원으로 각광받는 바이오매스의 효율적인 당화를 위한 전처리방법이 연구되고 있다. 최근 바이오매스의 에너지 전환 공정 중 전처리 비용이 높은 비중을 차지하고 있으며 이중 폐수처리가 커다란 문제점으로 지적되고 있다. 따라서 폐수발생을 줄이고 재사용이 용이한 유기용매(Organosolv)를 이용한 전처리를 수행하였으며, 전처리 바이오매스의 잔류 고형물의 양과 제거된 성분의 양을 이용하여 바이오매스의 전처리 효과를 효소당화를 통해 알아보았다. 전처리에 사용한 유기용매로는 99.5 wt% 에탄올을 사용하였고, 초본계 바이오매스인 옥수수대(corn stover)를 이용하여 전처리 하였다. 전처리 효과는 $130{\sim}190^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 시간대별로 진행하여 전처리된 바이오매스의 효소당화를 통하여 확인하였다. 효소당화결과로 가장 높은 글루코오스 당화율을 보였던 전처리 온도는 $190^{\circ}C$에서 반응시간 70분 이상의 조건 이였으며, 이 때 68% 이상의 당화율을 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 전처리 바이오매스의 잔류 고형물(Solid remaining)은 70% 이상이었고, 대부분의 셀룰로오스(Cellulose)와 헤미셀룰로오스(Hemicellulose)의 손실이 미비하여 대부분의 당 성분을 회수할 수 있다는 장점을 보였다.