• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.319-326
• /
• 2014

Exhaust gas emitted as a result of the incomplete combustion of biomass in charcoal kilns includes odor compounds as well as other air pollutants such as particulate matters, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. A number of offensive odor compounds affect quality of life. In this study, odor emissions were investigated from biomass burning in a pilot-scale charcoal kiln and a commercial-scale kiln. Complex odor from emission source reached up to 10,000 dilutions to threshold during the study period. Combustion fume was found to contain reduced sulfur compounds, aldehydes, and volatile organic compounds. Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan were the major odorants which highly contributed to the offensive odor.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.866-875
• /
• 2019

본 연구에서는 CMB(Chemical Mass Balance) 모델을 이용하여 $PM_{2.5}$에 대한 오염원 확인 및 오염원별 기여도를 분석하였다. A시의 배출원별 기여도 순위는 비산먼지(30.1%) > 생물성 연소(21.9%) > 2차 오염물질(21.1%) > 도로이동오염원(19.3%) > 면오염원(7.6%) 순이고, CMB 모델 기여도와 CAPSS(Clean Air Policy Support System) 배출자료 기여도 비교에서 증가한 배출원은 생물성 연소와 2차 오염물질이고, 감소한 배출원은 도로이동오염원, 비산먼지, 면오염원으로 분석되었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.28-40
• /
• 2015

To investigate the seasonal variations of carbonaceous aerosol in Daejeon, OC (organic carbon), EC (elemental carbon) and WSOC (water soluble organic carbon) in $PM_{2.5}$ samples collected from March 2012 to February 2013 were analyzed. $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were estimated by the sum of organic matter ($1.6{\times}OC$), EC, water-soluble ions ($Na^+$, $NH_4{^{+}}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^{-}}$). The estimated $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were relatively higher in winter ($29.50{\pm}12.04{\mu}g/m^3$) than those in summer ($13.72{\pm}6.92{\mu}g/m^3$). Carbonaceous aerosol ($1.6{\times}OC+EC$) was a significant portion (34~47%) of $PM_{2.5}$ in all season. The seasonally averaged OC and WSOC concentrations were relatively higher in winter ($6.57{\times}3.48{\mu}gC/m^3$ and $4.07{\pm}2.53{\mu}gC/m^3$ respectively), than those in summer ($3.07{\pm}0.8{\mu}gC/m^3$, $1.77{\pm}0.68{\mu}gC/m^3$, respectively). OC was correlated well with WSOC in all season, indicating that they have similar emission sources or formation processes. In summer, both OC and WSOC were weakly correlated with EC and also poorly correlated with a well-known biomass burning tracer, levoglucosan, while WSOC is highly correlated with SOC (secondary organic carbon) and $O_3$. The results suggest that carbonaceous aerosol in summer was highly influenced by secondary formation rather than primary emissions. In contrast, both OC and WSOC in winter were strongly correlated with EC and levoglucosan, indicating that carbonaceous aerosol in winter was closely related to primary source such as biomass burning. The contribution of biomass burning to $PM_{2.5}$ OC and EC, which was estimated using the levoglucosan to OC and EC ratios of potential biomass burning sources, was about $70{\pm}15%$ and $31{\pm}10%$, respectively, in winter. Results from this study clearly show that $PM_{2.5}$ OC has seasonally different chemical characteristics and origins.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.32-41
• /
• 2016

Particle-phase concentrations were measured at 10, 80, and 200 m from the roadside of a national highway near Seoul in January and May 2008. The highway has two lanes each way, with an average hourly traffic volume of 1,070 vehicles. In January 2008, $PM_{10}$ concentrations decreased from 10 to 80 m but increased at 200 m. Black carbon (BC) decreased only slightly with distance due to the influence of biomass burning and open burning from the surrounding areas. In May 2008, the effect of secondary formation on both $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ was significant due to high temperatures compared with January. Because on-road emissions had little effect on secondary formation for a short time, variations in $PM_{10}$ concentrations became smaller, and $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations increased with distance. The effects of fugitive dust on PM concentrations were greater in May than in January when the mean temperature was below freezing. In the composition variations, the amounts of primary ions, organic carbon (OC), and BC were larger in January, while those of secondary ions and others were larger in $PM_{10}$, as well as $PM_{2.5}$ in May.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2006

During the northern burning season, biomass burning is found north of the equator, while satellite estimates from the residual-type method such as the CCD method show higher ozone south of the equator. This discrepancy is called the tropical Atlantic paradox (Thompson et ai., 2000). We use satellite and ground-based measurements to investigate the paradox. When the background tropospheric ozone over the Pacific Ocean from TOMS measurements is subtracted from the latitudinal total ozone distribution (e.g. TOMS-Pacific method), the results show remarkable agreement with the latitudinal stratospheric ozone distribution using the CCD method. The latitudinal tropospheric ozone distribution using the CCD method, with a persistent maximum over the southern tropical Atlantic, is also seen in the latitudinal tropospheric ozone distribution using the TOMS-Pacific method. It suggests that the complicated CCD method can be replaced by the simple TOMS-Pacific method. However, the tropical Atlantic paradox exists in the results of both the CCD and TOMS-Pacific methods during the northern buming season. In order to investigate this paradox, we compare the latitudinal ozone distributions using the CCD and TOMS-Pacific methods by using the SAGE measurements (e.g. TOMS-SAGE method) and the SHADOZ ozonesoundings (e.g. TOMS-Sonde method) assuming zonally invariant stratospheric ozone, which is the same assumption as of the CCD method. During the northern burning season, the latitudinal distributions in the tropospheric ozone derived from the TOMS-SAGE and TOMS-Sonde methods show higher tropospheric ozone over the northern tropical Atlantic than the southern Atlantic due to a stronger gradient in stratospheric ozone relative to that from the CCD and TOMS-Pacific methods. This indicates that the latitudinal tropospheric ozone distribution can be changed depending on the data that is used to determine the latitudinal stratospheric ozone distribution. Therefore, there is a possibility that the north-south gradient in stratospheric ozone over the Atlantic can be a solution of the paradox.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.303-312
• /
• 2011

북한은 심각한 에너지 공급난을 겪고 있다. 이는 주요 에너지원인 석탄의 생산량 한계와 부족한 원유도입량 때문이다. 그 결과 바이오매스에 대한 의존도가 높아졌다. 수력발전을 통한 전력 생산과 적은 에너지 사용량은 대기오염물질을 줄이는 데 기여하였다. 실제로 북한의 $SO_2$, $NO_2$ 배출량은 남한에 비하여 적다. 남한의 경우 에너지 사용량이 증가하지만, 대기오염물질배출량은 감소한다. 반면, 북한은 에너지 사용량과 대기오염물질배출량이 함께 감소한다. 에너지사용량에 따른 $SO_2$, $NO_2$ 배출량 또한 북한이 남한보다 많다. 따라서 북한은 대기오염물질 관리에 열악한 구조임을 알 수 있다. 특히, 이러한 특징은 평양과 서울을 기준으로 한 $SO_2$, $NO_2$ 농도에서도 확인된다. 북한은 심각한 대기오염문제를 발생시키는 바이오 매스를 상당량 사용하고 있다. 하지만, 이에 대한 정확한 자료가 부족하다. 그로 인하여 많은 양이 바이오매스에서 발생되는 CO의 신뢰성이 떨어진다. 바이오매스 연소는 CO뿐만 아니라 휘발성유기화합물과 유기탄소(OC), 원소상탄소(EC)와 $K^+$ 등의 입자상 성분도 다량 배출하는 것으로 알려져 있다(Lee and Kim, 2007). 이는 인체 위해성 관점에서도 중요하다. 특히 최근 수도권의 대기환경에 미치는 영향에서 생체소각의 영향이 상당히 큰 것으로 여러 연구결과에서 제시하고 있다(Kim, 2010). 따라서 남한 대기환경에 북한 대기오염물질이 미치는 영향에 대한 정량적인 연구와 함께 북한의 에너지 사용에 대한 정확한 자료가 필요하다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.165-175
• /
• 2017

In Japan, the primary carbonaceous particles emitted from motor vehicles and waste incinerators have been reduced due to strict regulations against exhaust gas. However, the relative contribution of carbonaceous particles derived from plants and biomass has been increasing. Accordingly, compositional analysis of carbonaceous particles has become increasingly important to determine the sources and types of particles produced. To reveal the sources of the organic particles contained in particulate matter with diameters of ${\leq}2.5{\mu}m$ ($PM_{2.5}$) and the processes involved in their generation, we analyzed molecular marker compounds (2-methyltetrols, cis-pinonic acid, and levoglucosan) derived from the plants and biomass in the $PM_{2.5}$ collected during daytime- and nighttime-sampling periods in summer (July and August) and autumn (November) in Kazo, which is in the northern area of Saitama prefecture, Japan. We also measured $^{14}C$ carbonaceous concentrations in the same $PM_{2.5}$ samples. The concentrations of 2-methyltetrols were higher in the summer than in the autumn. Because the deciduous period overlaps with this decrease in the levels of 2-methyltetrols, we considered the emission source to broad-leaved trees. In contrast, the emission source of the cis-pinonic acid precursor was considered to be conifers, because its concentration remained almost constant throughout the year. The concentration of levoglucosan was considerably increased in the autumn due to frequent biomass open burning. The ratio of plant-derived carbon to total carbon, obtained by measuring of $^{14}C$, in summer $PM_{2.5}$ sample was higher in the nighttime, and could be influenced by anthropogenic sources during the daytime.

• 한국폐기물자원순환학회지
• /
• 제35권7호
• /
• pp.640-646
• /
• 2018

Biomass-fired power plants produce electricity and heat by burning biomass in a boiler. However, one of the most serious problems faced by these plants is severe corrosion. In biomass boilers, corrosion comes from burnt fuels containing alkali, chlorine, and other corrosive substances, causing boiler tube failures, leakages, and shorter lifetimes. To mitigate the problem, various approaches implying the use of additives have been proposed; for example, ammonium sulfate is added to convert the alkali chlorides (mainly KCl) into the less corrosive alkali sulfates. Among these approaches, the high temperature corrosion prevention technology based on ammonium sulfate has few power plants being applied to domestic power plants. This study presents the results obtained during the co-combustion of wood chips and waste in a circulating fluidized bed boiler. The aim was to investigate the characteristics of pollution load in domestic biomass power plants with ammonium sulfate injection. By injecting the ammonium sulfate, the KCl content decreased from 68.9 to 5 ppm and the NOx were reduced by 18.5 ppm, but $SO_2$ and HCl were increased by 93.3 and 68 ppm, respectively.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국대기환경학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.365-366
• /
• 2008

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국대기환경학회 2009년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.144-145
• /
• 2009