• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.765-771
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• 2012

In this study, the biochemical methane potentials of different agricultural residues produced from agricultural plastic greenhouse were determined. Additionally, ensiling storage practice was applied on agricultural residues for its effect on biogas production. Agricultural residues of cabbage, strawberry, tomato, cucumber, and oriental melon were selected as sample. The methane potential and biodegradability of agricultural residues ranged from 149~286 mL-$CH_4/g$-VS, 27~48% (by vol.), respectively and methane production was in order of cabbage > oriental melon > strawberry ${\approx}$ cucumber > tomato. Ensiling caused difference in methane production in a range of -11~36% (by vol.) per VS compared with raw material. An increase in methane potential was presumably linked to the organic acid accumulation, cellulose degradation and decrease in methane potential was due to chemical composition change, ammonia accumulation during the storage process.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2011

Purpose: Although the role of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) as a predictive and prognostic factor for uterine cervical cancer has been identified in previous studies, 1) the effective patient group of screening for recurrence with SCC-Ag, 2) the relationship between SCC-Ag and recurrence site, and 3) the relationship between the change of SCC-Ag and treatment outcome or recurrence have not been described. Materials and Methods: The study included 506 patients with histologically proven uterine cervical cancer between January 1994 and December 2010. We determining the serum SCC-Ag level before treatment and after treatment, and conducted a retrospective review of the patients' records. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of SCC-Ag for the detection of tumor recurrence by comparing biochemical recurrence with clinical recurrence. Results: The pretreatment SCC-Ag level and the proportion of patients over 1.5 ng/mL were higher in poor prognostic patient group. In the univariate and multivariate analysis, pretreatment SCC-Ag showed a statistically significant correlation with tumor size, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, pathology. In patients with biochemical recurrence vs. those without, 5-year DFS and OS were 27.6 vs. 92.7% (p ${\leq}$ 0.001) and 53.7 vs. 92.5% (p ${\leq}$ 0.001), respectively. Conclusion: Our study reconfirmed the known function of pretreatment SCC-Ag, but could not confirm the function of biochemical response as a predictive factor for treatment and as a prognostic factor. There was no statistically significant relationship between SCC-Ag level and recurrence site. We confirmed the role of SCC-Ag as a follow-up tool for recurrence of disease and which patient groups SCC-Ag was more useful for.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.525-535
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a 3 week low calorie diet (LCD) and a 9 week of behavior modification (BM) program on the weight loss, mineral and vitamin status in 22 obese women. The subject were healthy, obese (PIBW> $120\%$) women aged 20 - 50 Yr and not taking any medications known to influence body composition, mineral or vitamin metabolism During the LCD program, subjects were provided commercial liquid formulas with 125 kcal per pack and were instructed to have a formula for replacement of one meal and at least one regular meal per day within the range of daily 800 - 1200 kcal intake. During the BM program the subjects weekly attended the group nutrition counseling session to encourage themselves to modify their eating behavior and spontaneously restrict their energy intakes. The BM program focused on stimulus control, control of portion sizes and modification of binge eating and other adverse habits. The initial mean energy intake of subjects was 2016.9 $\pm$ 129.8 kcal ($100.8\%$ of RDA) and dropped to 1276.5 $\pm$ 435.7 kcal at the end of a 3 week of LCD program and elevated to 1762 $\pm$ 329.3 kcal at the end of a 9 week of BM program. Carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes were significantly decreased at the end of the LCD but carbohydrate was the only macro nutrient that showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) at the end of the BM program compared to baseline. Calcium and iron intakes decreased significantly (p < 0.01, respectively) with no significant changes in other micronutrients at the end of the LCD. The mean weight of the subjects decreased from 73.8 $\pm$ 8.0 kg to 69.2 $\pm$ 7.7 kg with LCD and ended up with 67.7 $\pm$ 7.1 kg after 9 weeks of BM. The 3 weeks of LCD reduced most of the anthropometric indices such as BMI, PIBW, fat weight, wast-to-hip ratio and subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thickness. The 9 weeks of behavior modification showed slight change or maintenance of each anthropometric measurements. Weight loss and decreased WHR with the diet program induced significantly decreased systolic blood pressure. SGOT, SGPT and serum insulin levels with improved serum lipid profiles. Biochemical parameters related to iron status such as hemoglobin, hematocrit were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) at the end of the LCD. But their mean values were within normal range. The mean serum 25 (OH) vitamin $D_3$ level significantly increased after whole diet program. Serum folate level significantly decreased after 12 weeks of diet program. In conclusion 3 weeks of LCD brought 4.6 kg reduction in body weight without risk of iron, zinc or vitamin D deficiency and 9 weeks of the BM was effective to maintain nutritional status with slightly more weight reduction (1.5 kg). However calcium intake and serum folate should be monitored during the LCD and BM because of increased risk of deficiencies.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.12.1-12.7
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• 2017

Soft tunic syndrome (STS) is a protozoal disease caused by Azumiobodo hoyamushi in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. Previous studies have proven that combined formalin-hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) bath is effective in reducing STS progress and mortality. To secure target animal safety for field applications, toxicity of the treatment needs to be evaluated. Healthy ascidians were bathed for 1 week, 1 h a day at various bathing concentrations. Bathing with 5- and 10-fold optimum concentration caused 100% mortality of ascidians, whereas mortality by 0.5- to 2.0-fold solutions was not different from that of control. Of the oxidative damage parameters, MDA levels did not change after 0.5- and 1.0-fold bathing. However, free radical scavenging ability and reducing power were significantly decreased even with the lower-than-optimal 0.5-fold concentration. Glycogen content tended to increase with 1-fold bathing without statistical significance. All changes induced by the 2-fold bathing were completely or partially restored to control levels 48 h post-bathing. Free amino acid analysis revealed a concentration-dependent decline in aspartic acid and cysteine levels. In contrast, alanine and valine levels increased after the 2-fold bath treatment. These data indicate that the currently established effective disinfectant regimen against the parasitic pathogen is generally safe, and the biochemical changes observed are transient, lasting approximately 48 h at most. Low levels of formalin and $H_2O_2$ were detectable 1 h post-bathing; however, the compounds were completely undetectable after 48 h of bathing. Formalin-$H_2O_2$ bathing is effective against STS; however, reasonable care is required in the treatment to avoid unwanted toxicity. Drug residues do not present a concern for consumer safety.

• Clean Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.250-258
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• 2006

CFC compounds such as CFC-113 and 1,1,1-TCE, etc. have been used in various industries due to their excellent chemical stability, thermodynamic characteristics, non-inflammability and anti-corrosiveness. However, in oder to protect the earth environment, "the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer" was adopted in 1989 for prevention of production and utilization of these CFC compounds and alternative cleaning agent have been required in the industry. The objective of this study is to develop non-aqueous cleaning agents that do not require major change of cleaning system, have excellent cleaning efficiency, are favorable to the environment, are harmless to the human body, and are not generated corrosive materials. In this work, non-aqueous cleaning agents have been formulated with glycol ether series and paraffinic hydrocarbon series with siloxane, and their physical properties and cleaning efficiencies were analyzed and compared with those of regulated materials. As a result of physical properties measurement of the formulated cleaning agents, it is expected that they may have good penetration ability into contaminated materials due to their properties with low density and low surface tension. Measurement of flash point and vapor pressure of the cleaning agents will be helpful for evaluation of their safety and working environment. The experimental results of cleaning flux, solder and grease by the formulated cleaning agents show that their cleaning abilities of soils were good and that there were no residues on the substance after cleaning. Therefore, alternative cleaning agents which have equivalent cleaning ability to regulating materials, good penetration ability and low hazard to human body, have been developed in this work.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.649-655
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• 2007

The nsp14 protein is an exoribonuclease that is encoded by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). We have cloned and expressed the nsp14 protein in Escherichia coli, and characterized the nature and the role(s) of the metal ions in the reaction chemistry. The purified recombinant nsp14 protein digested a 5'-labeled RNA molecule, but failed to digest the RNA substrate that is modified with fluorescein group at the 3'-hydroxyl group, suggesting a 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease activity. The exoribonuclease activity requires $Mg^{2+}$ as a cofactor. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis indicated a two-metal binding mode for divalent cations by nsp14. Endogenous tryptophan fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectra measurements showed that there was a structural change of nsp14 when binding with metal ions. We propose that the conformational change induced by metal ions may be a prerequisite for catalytic activity by correctly positioning the side chains of the residues located in the active site of the enzyme.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.487-502
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• 2011

1. Objective This study was performed to research the biological change of forest healing according to Sasang constitution. 2. Methods Forty seven applicants are involved in this study. They were classified into three groups(Soyangin, Taeeumin, Soeumin) by QSCC II. And then they participated in forest healing program from March 26 to March 27 in 2011. We performed before and after experiment, including vital sign, electroencephalography(EEG), heart rate variability(HRV), complete blood cell count(CBC), biochemical test(BC), and stress hormones. 3. Results Men had the relaxative effect of tension. While, the group of women and Soyangin was more sensitive to sudden environmental change than the group of men or other constitutions. The tension of women and soyangin's group increased after the forest healing program. Soeumin group showed reduced diastolic blood pressure after the forest healing program. 3. Conclusions Forest healing program has shown better efficacy in relaxation in men than women, in lowering diastolic blood pressure in Soeumin group than other constitutional groups. However a single positive result within this study should be carefully interpreted.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.181-191
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• 2007

With the 2-Butanethiol, which is an unidentified inhalation toxic material, acute inhalation toxicity was tested with SD rats. The $LC_{50}$ was evaluated to be 2,500 ppm (9.22 mg/L) or higher which falls under the criteria of acute toxicity Category 3 (500<$LC_{50}$<2,500 ppm) in the Industrial Safety and Health Act. In the subchronical inhalation toxicity test by 0, 25, 100, and 400 ppm, 6 hours a day, 5 days a week, for 13 weeks repeated exposure, though no death or particular clinical presentation was observed, in the female 25 and 400 ppm group, including weight change, and in each concentration group including 400 ppm, change of feed rate, eye stimulation, motility change in male group, and lesions in blood and blood biochemical were observed. In the internal organs weight, 25, 100, and 400 ppm groups in male and 400 ppm group in female showed significant (p<0.05) changes in kidney, liver, thymus, and lung. In the pathological tissue test, severe cortical tubular hyaline droplets were observed in the male 400 ppm group, and all male rats of 400 ppm group and 2 female individuals showed tubular degeneration/regeneration accompanied with pigmentation, showing that the target organs of inhalation exposure of 2-Butanethiol are spleen, kidney, nasal cavity, and adrenal. Through the tests, the NOEL of 2-Butanethiol was evaluated to be 25 ppm (0.092 mg/L) or less for both male and female.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.1079-1084
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• 2003

This study was carried out to check changes of components in the slaughter waste by the bacteria isolated from slaughter wastes from Gyungnam Province from May to June 2000, and to find usefu] organism for treatment of the waste. Bacteria used in this study were Aeromonas hydrophila, as the dominant of the waste. Optimum conditions for bacterial culture were obtained as the temperature of 35$^{\circ}C$, pH 6.5, and shaking of 120 rpm in nutrient broth. The mean values of dissolved oxygen was 4.14 mg/1; biochemical oxygen demand, 1731.21 mg/1; ratio of BOD/COD, 0.53-0.64; ratio of T-P/T-N, 1.0-1.41; and viable counts of the waste, 5.47${\times}$10$\^$7/ CFU. Little change in total nitrogen observed by 36 hr of the culture. The largest amount of increasing NH$_4$$\^$+/-N was observed in the sample that 10% of the waste added in nutrient broth with A. hydrophila showing the value of 29.19 mg/l at the beginning to 570.36 mg/1 by 36 hr of culture. However, the highest increasing ratio between initial amount and finals at 36 hr of culture showed as 41.6 times when 3% of the waste added. NO$_3$ -N was decreased showing the value of 71.27 mg/1 to 32.14 mg/1 by 24 hr of culture with the organism when 10% of the waste added in nutrient broth. Total phosphorus was decreased showing the value from 188.74 mg/1 to 101.41 mg/1 after 12 hr of culture with the organism when 5% of the waste added in nutrient broth, while T-P was decreased gradually by 24 hr of culture from 193.8 to 101.4 mg/1 when 10% of the waste added.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.45-59
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• 2023

The global focus on mitigating climate change has traditionally centered on carbon dioxide, but recent attention has shifted towards methane as a crucial factor in climate change adaptation. Natural settings, particularly aquatic environments such as wetlands, reservoirs, and lakes, play a significant role as sources of greenhouse gases. The accumulation of organic contaminants on the lake and reservoir beds can lead to the microbial decomposition of sedimentary material, generating greenhouse gases, notably methane, under anaerobic conditions. The escalation of methane emissions in freshwater is attributed to the growing impact of non-point sources, alterations in water bodies for diverse purposes, and the introduction of structures such as river crossings that disrupt natural flow patterns. Furthermore, the effects of climate change, including rising water temperatures and ensuing hydrological and water quality challenges, contribute to an acceleration in methane emissions into the atmosphere. Methane emissions occur through various pathways, with ebullition fluxes-where methane bubbles are formed and released from bed sediments-recognized as a major mechanism. This study employs Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) tests to analyze and quantify the factors influencing methane gas emissions. Methane production rates are measured under diverse conditions, including temperature, substrate type (glucose), shear velocity, and sediment properties. Additionally, numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the relationship between fluid shear stress on the sand bed and methane ebullition rates. The findings reveal that biochemical factors significantly influence methane production, whereas shear velocity primarily affects methane ebullition. Sediment properties are identified as influential factors impacting both methane production and ebullition. Overall, this study establishes empirical relationships between bubble dynamics, the Weber number, and methane emissions, presenting a formula to estimate methane ebullition flux. Future research, incorporating specific conditions such as water depth, effective shear stress beneath the sediment's tensile strength, and organic matter, is expected to contribute to the development of biogeochemical and hydro-environmental impact assessment methods suitable for in-situ applications.