• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.178-187
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• 2012

Purpose: In Korea, the nation's medical expenses were 12 billion won in 2010. The medical costs for individuals can also be overwhelming. If a patient has sustained severe trauma, his/her insurance company responsible may pay only part of the medical bills. In Korean, there are diverse types of medical insurance, such as health insurance, automobile insurance, and industrial accident compensation insurance. And each insurance system has a different type of payment system. Our study will be essential for establishing the optimal medical expense payment system. Methods: From January to December 2011, we retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 161 patients who were admitted to our hospital's emergency room after having undergone severe trauma. Of those 161 patients, 125 were retrospectively reviewed. Written permission was obtained from all of the patients. We analysed the demographic characteristics, clinical outcomes, data of the trauma, type of the patient's insurance, and the entire bill when the patient was discharged. Results: Seventy-one patients had health insurance, 48 automobile insurance, and six industrial accident compensation insurance. High-deductible insurance included health insurance and industrial accident compensation insurance, with the deductibles up to 20.6% and 19.1%, respectively. We attempted to analyze the cause of the high deductible rate. In patients with health insurance, medicines, primarily sedatives, pain killers, antibiotics, and fluids. comprised a large proportion. On the other hand, industrial accident compensation insurance deducted for a high-grade hospital room charge. Conclusion: We found that medical expenses were diverse according to the type of insurance. In particular, health insurance forced patients to pay too much of the medical expenses. Therefore, in Korea we should try to identify the insurance problems and improve the wage system.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.109-121
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine factors influencing patient satisfaction with medical services in hospital, which is classified into environmental aspect, human services and procedural services. Based on the results of literature review, the study focused on effects of social-demographical factors on patient satisfaction. The environmental aspect of medical care services included medical equipment and facilities, hygiene, ventilation, heating and air-conditioning, waiting and resting space, ward space and parking facilities. Procedural service included registration process, bill payment, waiting time after registration, examination and prescription as well as appointment process. Human services consisted of physicians listening to stories of patients, examination duration, physicians' explanation and physicians' service. As for nurses, explanation about disease, examination procedure and results, kindness and nursing care were evaluated. Services provided by other staff members were also evaluated. Patient satisfaction, defined as individual attitude toward medical service as a whole, was measured using a questionnaire. A total of 700 in-or out-patients were surveyed in 6 hospitals with more than 300 beds in North Gyeongbuk Province. 1. The level of patient satisfaction varied with characteristics of patients. Male patients and those in their 30s had a low level of satisfaction. Dissatisfaction level was positively related to education level but negatively related to economic condition. 2. As for patient satisfaction with medical service providers and other employees in hospital, satisfaction level with physician's explanation about treatment was higher. But dissatisfaction levels with treatment duration and the lack of explanation about examination procedures were high, calling for improvement. Dissatisfaction level with nursing care was high, calling for training of nurses for better service. Given the low level of satisfaction with human services, hospital employees need to be trained to improve their service. 3. It Was found that administrative service was also a significant factor influencing patient satisfaction in addition to medical service. It is therefore important for hospitals to provide patients with prompt and convenient procedural service. 4. Environmental factors such as medical equipment and amenity facilities also affected patient satisfaction. Thus environmental condition, procedural service and human service are all important to improve medical service in hospital. In summary, procedural service was the most significant factor for patient satisfaction. The level of satisfaction in patients was also affected by human service and environmental condition. It is therefore necessary to take patient-oriented approach in providing medical service in an effort to improve patient satisfaction. The finding of a lower level of satisfaction with human service signifies the need for training of healthcare providers and other hospital employees for better services. The introduction of advanced management programs is also needed to improve procedures that patients go through in hospitals.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 1987

The influence of planting density, on the mulberry yield, had been studied for 5 years period since 1982. For this purpose, a hilly land (15$^{\circ}$) was selected and 5 planting density level (926, 1,667, 2,780 and 3,444 tree/10a) were used. Following results were obtained. 1. Vinyl mulching promoted 2 days earlier of green tip sprouting stage and 3 days earlier of shallow-bill stage, compared with the non-mulching. 2. It was shown that increase of the length of the branch with vinyl mulching and decrease of the mulching effect with the higher density of plants from, 2,780 tree/10a. 3. When the planting density was higher, length and width of leaf was decreased sharply, and chlorosis of the lower part of the branch was occured heavily. 4. With the higher planting density, number of branches per tree and average length of the branch was decreased. Number of shorter branch-normal branch ratio were increased. However, number of branches and total length of branch per area were shown opposite. 5. Yield of mulberry was increased for the peroid of 3 years after planting with the all the levels of planting density after that, yield increase was dully in 926 tree plot, and more dully in 1,677 trees plot, while decrease of the yield were showen with density of 2,780 and 3,444 trees plots. 6. The highest average yield for the 5 years were obtained from 2,780 trees plot, 46.6% higher than in 926 trees plot, followed 40% higher in 3,444 trees plot, and 29.9% higher in 1,667 trees plot. 7. Soil pH, organic matter, Ca and Mg decreased with cultivation, especially P2O5, pH, Ca and Mg in the density of more than 926 trees plot.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

Recently, increasing cases of ground subsidence in the urban area has become social issue, and related bill has been passed. Ground subsidence occurs through complex combination of various factors, and numerical analysis of this problem is limited thereby. This is why verification of ground subsidence mechanism has been conducted through physical modelling. Previous researches has been focused on modelling ground subsidence caused by utility pipe defects, and there has been insufficient physical modelling study on ground subsidence caused by various reasons such as groundwater flow and excavation activity. Also, most previous physical modelling studies were performed in 1g condition, which cannot take the in-situ stress condition into the evaluation of the ground subsidence mechanism. Therefore, in this study, physical modelling techniques to simulate various conditions is discussed by studying the previous researches on the ground subsidence mechanism through physical modelling. Also, centrifuge modelling test is suggested in this study as the technique to perform more reliable evaluation of ground subsidence mechanism. Lastly, this study suggests to apply the techniques used in the evaluation of ground subsidence mechanism into Ground Stability Assessment.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.423-433
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• 2005

The computer hardware development has provided many chances of emergence between art and technology. In many cases today's interactive artworks cannot be completed without audience's participation. The interactive production process with technical supplementation can be celled feedback. Mr. Nam Jun Paik showed 'Participant TV' that interacts with audience's response in real time. It means artwork changes with the constantly changing value from the data set from human visual perception. Dan Graham showed another feedback related work, which delays 5second playback in mirror that implies consequence of time. Today's media art has to sublimate coincidence, time ant audience into philosophical artwork through consonance that comes with video and sound as we can see from Bill Viola. Stelarc produced artworks. That use input data that is weak signals from brain, muscles. Through a terminal display with player, body expanded meaning of media. Jeffrey Shaw's 'Legible City' provided a fabrication of the reality with the interaction of bicycle's pedal speed and steering direction that is controlled by 4river. RE:MARK used microphone as input device as Edmond Couchot's 'Je same a la vent' and Nam Jun Paik's 'Participant TV' did. There is no communication without feedback between human being. The reality makes audience involved into artworks. That is the reason why feedback has to be natural. Through the feedback process, the originality of the idea is altered by audience. The feedback is not just part of flesh of artwork rather skeleton of it. Technological showoff cannot be art itself The perfection of technological application plan helps feedback that interacts with audience naturally in order that audience hoes not feel the feedback as artificial plan. Interactive media art has to be evolved into new media form with new integration feedback technology.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.67-79
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• 2014

One of the core policies recently implemented by the Korean government is the introduction of a creative economy, a concept that integrates ICT with the existing economic structure in order to create new growth factors and jobs. In June of 2013, the National Assembly passed a bill for the institutional practice of a creative economy. The concept of a creative economy is to integrate industries centered on ICT in order to form a new-concept industry paradigm that creates new values and services that exceed past industrial categories. In other words, smart convergence, which integrates ICT with various industries, is evaluated as a core factor for boosting the creative economy. Thus, based on the definition of 'smart convergence', this study predicted the economic effects and sociocultural changes that will ensue due to the future era of smart convergence. Also, this study proposes policies for enhancing the creative economy in various ways. More specifically, in-depth interviews with convergence industry experts were carried out and quantitative analyses were performed employing a Solow Model. Furthermore, as a means to revitalize the creative economy, this study underscores the significance of the preemptive institutionalization of legislations and suggests several policy proposals regarding smart convergence rooted in market supply and the demand chain, smart convergence through selective focus, and smart work. This study is differentiated from previous studies that have only focused in establishing theories in that it offers quantitative research with a consideration of the feasibility of proposed policies. The leading experience of Korea regarding smart convergence can provide important lessons to other countries that hope to promote a creative economy as a means to create new growth factors and jobs.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.37-52
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to provide the valid data about residential-linked pension insurance development. The development was a part of national housing projects, which was an incentive for rural living of retired people, in order to relieve residential issues of elderly and revitalize rural communities by residents moving from cities. The insuring intent, decisive insuring factors and the residential service demand degree of people preparing retirement were analyzed. Data was collected in October, 2007. 364 Sample Subjects lived in Seoul Metropolitan area. Firstly, more than 90% of respondents had intention to purchase a residential-linked pension insurance and about 50% of them necessarily desired receiving premium for moving in. This indicated that it could be developed as an insurance which helped to meet housing expenses by housing-linked system, and in the mean time, it met the original purpose of pension insurance as the pension benefit could be guaranteed for all the insurance subscribers. Secondly, the respondents, whose income and private assets were higher, were able to pay more for insurance compared to average. Therefore, It was necessary to regulate monthly insurance bill and the payment period according to asset states of insurance subscribers after establishing certain amount of total insurance payment. Thirdly, by and large, it indicated the tendency that the less they prepare for older age the later they wanted to move into the pension insurance residence. It was inferred that in the case of insufficient preparation for older age, people preferred preparing behind time by postponing move in to moving in early to enjoy retired life, due to uncertainties. lastly, the respondents understood the significance of health, medical treatment and emergency management service and these two services were preferred as essential provided services. Because of the necessity of developing residential-linked pension insurance was found to be positive, further research to find the real cost, directives for operation and institutional support for this type of pension insurance might be needed.

• Information and Communications Magazine
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.77-85
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• 1997

지금까지 access network에서의 xDSL의 위치를 살펴보고 DSL, HDSL, ADSL 및 VDSL을 중심으로 기술 및 최근의 표준화동향을 살펴보았다. ITU의 조사에 따르면 97년 기준으로 전세계 약 8억가구에 copper access line이 연결되어 있고 그중의 70%이상이 가정에 연결되어 있는데 증가추세도 북미의 경우 년3.5%, 서유럽과 태평양연안의 경우 년4.5%의 성장율을 보이고 있어 2000년경에는 10억가구에 다다를 전망이다. 미국은 97년기준 약 1억가구에 1억6000만 copper access line이 연결되어 있는데 Yankee Group이 조사한 바에 따르면 2000년을 기준으로 3백만가구에 ADSL/RADSL/SDSL이 연결되고 관련 revenue는 10억달러에 이를것으로 추산하고 있다. 전세계 xDSL 시장규모를 미국의 5배정도로 보면 2000년경에는 전세계 twist pair의 2%정도에 xDSL이 연결되어 ADSL/RADSL/SDSL 관련 세계시장규모가 50억달러에 이르고 시장성장률은 30%에 이를 것으로 보고 있다. 현재 이러한 xDSL의 표준화작업은 3장에서 언급한 바와 같이 ANSI T1, ETSI에서 주로 주도되고 있으나 ITU-T, IEEE, ADSL Forum, ATM Forum, DAVIC 등 다른 group과 활발한 liasion meeting 을 통해서도 협력안을 마련하려 노력하고 있다. 예를 들어 DAVIC은 long range(1.5Km이상) PMD규격으로 ADSL을, mid range($300m\sim1.5km$) PMD규격으로 VDSL을, short range(300m이하) PMD규격으로 CAP방식의 FTTC를 각각구정하여 xDSL을 수용하고 있다. Microsoft의 CEO인 Bill Gates가 'Bandwidth bottleneck. No question. that's the biggest obstacle.'이라고 천명한 바와 같이 정보사회로의 진전에 있어 bandwidth는 시급히 해결되어야 할 문제이다. 정보사회의 꿈을 실현하고자 1993년부터 시작된 In-formation Infrastructure의 구축노력이 그동안 다양하게 시도되어왔으나 숱한 우여곡절과 실패를 겪은 telco등의 서비스업자들이 이제는 너무 큰 꿈을 쫓기보다는 internet이라는 현실적인 시장에서 xDSL과 cablemodem을 바탕으로 차근차근 새로 시작하고 있다고 생각된다. 그동안 ADSL, Forum을 중심으로한 일부 technology evangelist들은 전세계 8억가구에 깔려있는 copper twist pair를 경제적인 'the last mile solution'으로 활용할 것을 줄기차게 주장해왔다. 그동안 xDSL은 VDSL이라는 차세대 대안을 제시하여 interim solution이라는 울타리를 벗어나는데 성공하였을 뿐만 아니라 IDSL, SDSL, RADSL등의 새로운 고객지향적 xDSL을 개발하여 선택의 폭을 넓혀주었다. xDSL vendor들간의 치열한 경쟁속에서 값싼 xDSL 시스템들이 속속 등장하고 있으며, DSLAM[8]과 같은 switch solution도 제시되어 기존의 copper twist pair를 이용해 값싸게 다양한서비스를 제공해 줄 수 있는 기틀을 마련한 것이 오늘날의 xDSL의 성공요인이라고 생각된다. 일찌기 Bell Atlantic의 CEO Ray Smith가 'Yes. ADSL is an interim solution that will be with us for forty years.'라고 간파한대로 xDSL은 fiber가 좀 더 값싼 해결책이 될 때까지 당분간 access network에서 확고한 자리를 구축할 것으로 보인다. 최근들어 우리나라의 초고속정보통신망도 ADSL 과 VDSL을 바탕으로 FTTH으로 진화하는 전략을 수립한것은 우리의 현실과 세계적인 추세를 반영한 일이라 여겨진다.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.107-116
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• 2019

Purpose - Why, why is it difficult to predict the appropriateness of self-employment, and what are the countermeasures and policy proposals to overcome. This study intends to further develop the field of statistical variables. It is necessary to overcome the limitation of existing proper scale research in Korea. We need to find statistical variables that can determine the appropriateness of self-employment in Korea. These efforts will be helpful in evaluating OECD countries and statistics and developing domestic economic indicators. Research design, data, and methodology - It is the discovery of statistical indicators and complementary indicators that have not been revealed in previous studies. Therefore, we sought to find new statistical parameters based on the statistics of the Korea National Statistical Office, the Bank of Korea, and overseas OECD statistics. (Proper Size of Adequacy) is defined as the specific gravity or number of the self-employed in Korea, which is shown as "Out Put" by statistical analysis of STATA panel statistical data. It is possible to further develop variables such as gross domestic product, gross national product, economic growth rate, unemployment rate, income tax rate, consumer price, tax level, exports, import amount, bill default I want to dig. Results - In addition to expanding economic indicators that can be explained by self-employment determinants, we have developed a variety of methods such as linear and non-linear (U-shaped, inverted U-shaped). It is the improvement of the self-employment determinants and the analysis method to estimate the appropriate scale. Conclusions - The proposed contents are reflected in self - employment appropriateness evaluation data and hope to help the government to select the policy support and to evaluate the government business after the policy support. These efforts are expected to be of great help to operators operating their own businesses, and to government and related institutional practitioners who support them. In this way, self-employment will be created in accordance with the Korean situation, where the happy life of all the people becomes the premise and the inclusive economic activities are guaranteed. It will improve the method of analyzing proper scale of small business owners and self-employed in Korea.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.33
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• pp.227-251
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• 2006

The Law Ensuring the Freedom and the Functions of Liability of the Newspapers ("The Newspaper Law") which was passed in the National Assembly on January 1, 2005 is considered as a tremendous setback compared to "the Newspaper Bill" of civil press organizations. Of the two instruments to ensure the editorial freedom, the regulation on the newspaper company ownership share distribution was eliminated and the editorial committee (editorial codes of ethics) became an arbitrary system. That is, the Newspaper Law was criticized as a law of "half-success." However, the Newspaper Law has its own benefit by institutionalizing the establishment of the Korea Commission for the Press, the Press Fund, and the Korea Newspaper Circulation Service for Promoting Newspaper Businesses and by strengthening the criteria to estimate market dominant businesspeople in newspaper market than general markets to ensure the diversity of public opinions. As the Newspaper Law was promulgated, Donga-Ilbo and Chosun-Ilbo submitted the Constitutional Petition against "the Newspaper Law" and the Constitutional Court is expected to give the decision soon. Based on the "Supplements on the Grounds of the Constitutional Petition against the Newspaper Law" ("the Petition"), this paper will examine the main issues of the debates over the Constitutionality of the Newspaper Law.