• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2002

The study was carried out to determine the growth and biomass production of major deciduous trees including Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Betula schmidtii, Zelkova serrata, Acer mono, Prunes sargentii, and Ligustrum obtusifolium subjected to artificial shade treatment in nursery field. The six deciduous trees seedlings grow for 2 years under different light intensity of 100%, 38-62%, 22-28%, 7-20%, and 2-6% of the full sun light intensity. The results were as follows; In the seedling heights and root collar diameters of shade intolerant species like Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Betula schmidtii, the relative growth rates of seedlings grown in full sun showed 2 times as compared with those subjected to the shade treatment of 2-6% light intensities of full sun. In the shade tolerant species like Acer mono ant Ligustrum obtusifolium, the growth performances were better in the seedlings grown in 38-62% light intensities of full sun. Total dry mass including the dry mass of leaves, shoot and root were as a whole decreased with shade treatment. The ratio of the dry mass of leaves and stem increased the dry mass of root. T/R ratio of the seedlings increased by decreasing the relative light intensity. And the T/R ratio of 2-6% light intensities of full sun was ranged from 1.1~5.0 were greater in the full sun light was ranged from 0.6~3.2. Light intensity by artificial shade treatment decreased in deciduous trees when compared on the whole, it showed tendency that SLA increases, increased that seeing resemblant tendency in LAR and LWR and changed of light intensity is strong, it increased that showed difference as statistical. But, LWR of Betula platyphylla var. japonica increased gradually and showed tendency that decreases rapidly in the shade treatment of 2-6% light intensities of full sun. This result is thought that biomass production decreased by shading treatment influenced in physiological characteristics such as leaf area and decrease of the leaf amount.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2007

목적 : 본 연구는 화피의 연골 보호 및 소염 진통 작용을 알아보고, 화피를 이용한 관절염치료 약침액 개발의 기초자료를 얻기 위해 고안되었다. 방법 : In vitro에서는 토끼 무릎관절에서 배양된 연골조직에 5ng/ml IL-1${\alpha}$ 처리 후， 화피의 연골보호 효과, 연골세포에 대한 독성을 조사하였다. In vivo에서는 토끼 무릎관절내 collagenase를 주입, CIA 유발 후, 28일간 매일 토끼의 구강으로 화피, 증류수, CEX를 투여하였으며, 연골보호, 소염, 진통에 대한 측정을 하였다. 결과 : 화피는 proteoglican 및 collagen분해 억제, MMPs 활성 억제로 연골 보호 효과가 있었으며, 연골 세포에 대한 독성이 없었다. 소염작용은 PGE2 생산 억제 및 COX-2발현 억제, carrageenan 유발 쥐 모델에서의 부종 억제로 확인되었다. 진통작용은 tail flick test에서의 latency time 증가, formalin test에서의 염증성 통증억제로 나타났다. 결론 : 화피가 퇴행성관절염에 대한 연골 보호 효과 및 소염 진통 작용이 있으므로, 이를 근거로 약침액을 개발 응용하면 퇴행성관절염 치료에 활용될 수 있다고 사료된다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2009

In our present study, total methanol extracts prepared from B. platyphylla var. japonica showed a significant increase in cell proliferation upon the induction of oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide or $\gamma$-ray irradiation. Total methanol extracts were fractionated into five separate preparations i.e. n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, n-butanol and water fractions. Among these, the ethylacetate and butanol fractions of B. platyphylla var. japonica showed the highest protective effects against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. These fractions also showed strong protective effects against $\gamma$-ray irradiation. When we evaluated the cytotoxicity of these fractions, the butanol fraction showed no effects in a colony formation assay. In addition, the butanol fraction showed a cell proliferation activation effect evidenced by significant increase in the colony formation of $\gamma$-ray irradiated cells. Both a radical scavenging activity and clonogenic activity assay suggested that the mechanism behind this protective effect against reactive oxygen species may be due to the radical scavenging and cell proliferation activity of B. platyphylla var. japonica extracts.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.2
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• pp.198-207
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• 2000

The diurnal and seasonal changes of water potential and stomatal diffusive resistance were investigated with the effects of shade treatment to elucidate the water relations of the one year old seedlings of Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Zelkova serrata, Acer mono, and Prunus sargentii subjected to five levels of artificial shade treatments from full sun to nearly full shading of 2-6% relative light transmittance. Stomatal diffusive resistance measured in the four deciduous hardwood species studied changed variously by growing season and by species with the five shade treatments in the ranges of 1.7~25.1s/cm in 9 a.m., 2.3~33.3s/cm in 1 p.m., and 1.1~36.8s/cm in 5 p.m.. The measurements of stomatal diffusive resistance increased with increasing the shading, and were higher in September than in June or July in most of the species studied. The stomatal diffusive resistance measured in Zelkova serrata, Acer mono, and Prunus sargentii seemed to be approximately 3~4 times higher in nearly full shading treatment than in full sun. Water potential also changed variously by growing season and by species with five different shade treatments in the ranges of -0.17~-1.20MPa in 9 a. m., -0.30~-2.03MPa in 1 p. m., and -0.18~-1.34MPa in 5 p.m., respectively. On the reverse of stomatal diffusive resistance, the measurements of water potential were lower in September than in June or July in most of the species studied, and the seasonal differences were especially greater in Zelkova serrata comparing with the other species. The water potential seemed to be higher of approximately 2~3 times in nearly full shading treatment than in full sun in all of the species studied, but the differences among the shading treatments were less in water potential than in stomatal diffusive resistance. The differences of water potential following the gradient of five shading treatment seemed to be less in Betula platyphylla var. japonica than in the other species. In Acer mono and Prunus sargentii being some shade tolerant species, the water potential increased rapidly through about noontime with raising the shading level from full sun to the intermediate shading level of 22-28% relative light transmittance, but slowly with closing to full shading. In Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Zelkova serrata being shade intolerant species, the water potential increased gradually throughout the shading levels and the increment ranges were greater in Zelkova serrata than in Betula platyphylla var. japonica.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.727-733
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• 1995

This stduy was attempted to establish the basic data for evaluating chemical components in the sap from birches(Betula platyphylla Sukatschev, Betula costata Trautv, Betula davurica Pallas), bamboos(Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllostachys nigra), Darae(Actinidia arguta). Calcium and potassium in five kinds of mineral detected in the sap were dominant mineral, magnesium, sodium and iron in order and calcium, potassium and magnesium are abundant in the sap from bamboo more than the other sample and the contents were 242.0~422.1mg/L, 793.8~ 2504.1mg/L and 72.6~165.9mg/L, respectively. Free sugars of the sap determined were glucose, fructose and sucrose, but maltose was not detected. The contents of glucose and fructose of the sap from Betula platyphylla Sukatschev(#2) were the highest and 42.1g/L and 36.9g/L, respectively. The detectabel nucleotides and their related compounds were CMP, UMP, GMP, IMP, AMP and hypoxanthine. The total contents of composition amino acids detected from eighteen kinds of the sap were in the range of 2.4~30.4mg%. The major amino acids were taurine, glycine, lysine, alanine and threonine in the sap from birch(#1, #2), glutamic acid and lysine in the sap from Betula costata Trauty(#3) and Betula davurica Pallas(#4), lysine, valine, alanine, serine, tyrosine and glutamic acid in the sap from bamboos, and glutamic acid, leucine, alanine in the sap from Darae.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2009

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain valley from Cheonwangbong to Seonneotang, 23 plots($400m^2$) set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Two groups of Abies koreana community, Fraxinus mandshurica-Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community were classified by cluster analysis. Abies koreana was a major woody plant species in the valley area from Cheonwangbong to Mapogpo, and Pinus koraiensis, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Sorbus amurensis was partly occupied. High positive correlations was proved between Picea jezoensis and Sorb us amurensis, Taxus cuspidata, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Kalopanax pictus; Betula costata and Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Corn us controversa; Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis; Stephanandra incisa and Betula ermani, Acer tegmentosum, Prunus sargentii; Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Betula ermani; Fraxinus mandshurica and Deutzia prunifolia, Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes; Sorbus amurensis and Kalopanax pictus; Betula platyphylla var.japonica and Cornus controversa; Lindera erythrocarpa and Lespedeza maximowiczii, Quercus serrata, Styrax obassia; Lindera obtusi/oba and Abies holophylla; Carpinus laxiflora and Lespedeza maximowiczii; Fraxinus sieboldiana and Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata; Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes and Taxus cuspidata; Quercus mongolia and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Quercus serrata and Styrax obassia, and relatively high negative correlations was proved between Abies koreana and Deutzia prunifolia; Lindera obtusi/oba and Pinus koraiensis. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups was ranged $2.7478{\sim}2.9573$.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2002

This study was conducted to compare ozone sensitivity among Betula sp. by measuring visible foliar injuries and growth responses. Four Betula sp.(B. costata, B. davurica, B. platyphylla var.japonica and B. ermani) grown in the greenhouse, were transplanted in the plastic pots. One-year-old seedlings of four Betula sp. exposed to relatively high ozone concentration(100 ppb) for 8 h day$^{-1}$ for 5 weeks in fumigation chamber. We measured visible injuries, leaf numbers and leaf areas at the end of experiments, and growth effects were evaluated by measuring the relative growth rate(RGR) of height and diameter and the dry weights of leaf, stem and root once a week. Four Betula species showed the significant differences for growth responses by the ozone treatment. Growths of three species, except for B. ermani, were significantly reduced by the $O_3$ exposure. B. costata with leaf senescence at the early growing stage and B. davurica indicated highest visible foliar injury rate may be the sensitive species at the 100 ppb ozone concentration. Although the growth rate of B. ermani was reduced by 100 ppb ozone exposure at the early growing stage, B. ermani may be a tolerance species that recover the growth rate with the adaptation for the high ozone concentration.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1 s.65
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• pp.184-195
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• 2006

Objectives : Betula Platyphylla(BP) is a traditional analgesic, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory herb used in Chinese 1medicine. However, no information is available to explain its action. In this study. we investigated the anti-inflammatory 1effects of BP to elutidate the molecular pharmacological activity in the ethanol extract of BP(BPE). Methods : We performed WTS assay in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages with BPE. Nitrite was measured by Griess assay, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in LPS induced RAW264.7 macrophages with BPE. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) were determined by Western blot. Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Results : BPE significantly suppressed production of nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. The maximal inhibition rate of NO and PGE2 production by BPE was ca. 88.8% and 93% at the concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$ (non-cytotoxic concentration), respectively. BPE also decreased iNOS protein and COX-2 protein in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. EMSA demonstrated that BPE inhibited the DNA binding activity of the NF-kB. Conclusions : These results suggest that BPE inhibits NF-${\kappa}B$-mediated gene expression and downregulates inflammatory mediator production in RAW264.7 macrophages.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.163-167
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of minimum night temperature in the PE house on growth of seedlings of Pinus densiflora and Betula platyphylla in winter season. The experiment was performed with three minimum night temperature regimes,5~8$^{\circ}C$, 10~13$^{\circ}C$ and 15~18$^{\circ}C$. The temperature regimes were maintained for 8 weeks (to April 6) after germination peak, and then were broken by increasing natural temperature. The temperature did not affect the germination rate but delayed the germination by 10 days. Height, root collar diameter growth, and dry weight of two species were reduced by relatively low night temperature. The reduction was more obvious in the dry weight of above the ground measured at 8 weeks after germination. The seedlings grown for 8 weeks at 5~8$^{\circ}C$ showed the lowest T/R ratio. It was also observed that the height growth response in Betula platyphylla seedlings to relatively low temperature was more sensitive than Pinus densiflora.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.295-303
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• 2019

This study investigated the effects of various cultivation pots on Betula platyphylla var. japonica seedlings in order to select suitable pots for the production of healthy seedlings for the ecological revegetation. We used six types of the pots natural pot, natural pot with inside 5 mm width root turning bump, natural pot with inside 10 mm width root turning bump, negative-phototropism pot, negative-phototropism pot with inside 5 mm width root turning bump, and negative-phototropism pot with inside 10 mm width root turning bump. As greenhouse cultivation provided a high level of control of irrigation and temperature, the seedlings did not show any significant differences in plant height, number of branches, and diameter at root collar, but showed a significant difference in root growth among the different types of pots. The root growth was best in the negative-phototropism pot. In the negative-phototropism, the roots grew in a vertical shape, while they grew abnormally in a spiral shape in the natural pots. In outdoor cultivation, the growth of seedlings showed significant differences according to container types. The seedlings grown in specially manufactured negative-phototropism pots were most excellent in all of the height, number of branches, diameter at root collar and root growth. As for the seedlings grown in the negative-phototropism pots, their roots grew vertically and thus their rooting was well established after they were transplanted outdoor. A size of less than 5 mm ridge installed in the negative-phototropism was found to be appropriate for the seedling growth. These results showed that the negative-phototropism pot would be best suitable for the growth of Betula platyphylla var. japonica seedlings and for the production of seedling for ecological revegetation.