• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.284-289
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• 2013

Antidiabetic and beta cell-protection activities of purple corn anthocyanins (PCA) were examined in pancreatic beta cell culture and db/db mice. Only PCA among several plant anthocyanins and polyphenols showed insulin secretion activity in culture of HIT-T15 cells. PCA had excellent antihyperglycemic activity (in terms of blood glucose level and OGTT) and HbA1c-decreasing activity when compared with glimepiride, a sulfonylurea in db/db mice. In addition, PCA showed efficient protection activity of pancreatic beta cell from cell death in HIT-T15 cell culture and db/db mice. The result showed that PCA had antidiabetic and beta cell-protection activities in pancreatic beta cell culture and db/db mice.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.37-43
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• 2007

Adenosine has been reported to provide cytoprotection in the central nervous systems as well as myocardium by activating cell surface adenosine receptors. However, the exact target and mechanism of its action still remain controversial. The present study was performed to examine whether adenosine has a protective effect against $A{\beta}$-induced injury in neuroglial cells. The astrocyte-derived human neuroglioma cell line, A172 cells, and $A{\beta}_{25{\sim}35}$ were employed to produce an experimental $A{\beta}$-induced glial cell injury model. Adenosine significantly prevented $A{\beta}$-induced apoptotic cell death. Studies using various nucleotide receptor agonists and antagonists suggested that the protection was mediated by $A_1$ receptors. Adenosine attenuated $A{\beta}$-induced impairment in mitochondrial functional integrity as estimated by cellular ATP level and MTT reduction ability. In addition, adenosine prevented $A{\beta}$-induced mitochondrial permeability transition, release of cytochrome c into cytosol and subsequent activation of caspase-9. The protective effect of adenosine disappeared when cells were pretreated with 5-hydroxydecanoate, a selective blocker of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channel. In conclusion, therefore we suggest that adenosine exerts protective effect against $A{\beta}$-induced cell death of A172 cells, and that the underlying mechanism of the protection may be attributed to preservation of mitochonarial functional integrity through opening of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channels.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.309-320
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• 2013

Objectives : There is a possibility LRE as remedy in Alzheimer disease (AD), but it's nerve protection effect and mechanism have to be elucidate. In this research, we applied LRE on $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ pre-treated SH-SY5Y cells, to find out the nerve protection effect and mechanism in AD cell model. Methods : We tried to confirm that effect by experimenting with 20, 50, and $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of LRE as a medicine. Next experiment, we assessed damage effect which induced $A{\beta}_{25-35}$, known to cause AD, on SH-SY5Y cell. In addition, cellular viability test is executed under $H_2O_2$ treatment condition in a SH-SY5Y cell. Results : 1. In $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ treated SH-SY5Y cell, LRE exhibited an anti-phosphorylation effect about tau protein, JNK, and IKB. 2. LRE prevent nerve cell apoptosis, which indued $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ and oxidative stress, modify JNK engaged synaptic structure and $NF{\kappa}B$ induced p75-neurotrophin receptor polymorphism. Conclusions : We found that LRE prevented oxidative stress-induced cellular destruction, for example, increased SOD activity of $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ treated SH-SY5Y cell and reduced toxicity of oxygen free radical. Consequently, the ingredients of LRE have a role as a catalyzer for $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ clearance and as scavenger for active oxygen free radical.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.425-430
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• 2007

To investigate the potential therapeutic value of a plant extract against amyloid ${\beta}-peptide-induced$ cell damage, we first screened extracts of 250 herbs, and finally selected a water extract of Spinacia oleracea for further study. This extractshowed the potential to inhibit the reactions of oxidants. We measured the angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of the extract, and assessed the ability of the extract to protect neuronal cells from chemical-induced cell death. SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were used in this assay. The extract exerted protective effects on $H_2O_2-induced$ cell death, when $H_2O_2$ was used at 100 M, 200 M, and 500 M (protection of 87%, 73%, and 58%, respectively). When 50 M of amyloid ${\beta}-peptide$ was added to the test cells, however, the extract had no protective effect on cell death. The extract inhibited ACE activity in a dose-dependent manner, and exhibited potent protection against the deleterious effects of $H_2O_2$. In sum, these results suggest that a water extract of Spinacia oleracea has the potential to afford protection against chemical-induced neuronal cell death, and the extract may be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The precise molecular mechanism of neuroprotection is under investigation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.758-764
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• 2019

${\beta}$-Glucan is a chief structural polymer in the cell wall of yeast. ${\beta}$-Glucan has attracted intensive attention because of its wide applications in health protection and cosmetic areas. In the present study, the ${\beta}$-glucan biosynthesis pathway in S. Cerevisiae was engineered to enhance ${\beta}$-glucan accumulation. A newly identified bacterial ${\beta}-1$, 6-glucan synthase GsmA from Mycoplasma agalactiae was expressed, and increased ${\beta}$-glucan content by 43%. In addition, other pathway enzymes were investigated to direct more metabolic flux towards the building of ${\beta}$-glucan chains. We found that overexpression of Pgm2 (phosphoglucomutase) and Rho1 (a GTPase for activating glucan synthesis) significantly increased ${\beta}$-glucan accumulation. After further optimization of culture conditions, the ${\beta}$-glucan content was increased by 53.1%. This study provides a new approach to enhance ${\beta}$-glucan biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.422-426
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• 2008

In this study, the preventive effects of Radix Trichosanthis extracts (RTE) against cytokine-induced ${\beta}-cell$ death were assessed. Cytokines generated by immune cells infiltrating pancreatic islets are crucial mediators of ${\beta}-cell$ destruction in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The treatment of RIN cells with $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) and $interferon-{\gamma}$ ($IFN-{\gamma}$) resulted in a reduction of cell viability. RTE protected $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$-mediated viability reduction in a concentration-dependent manner. Incubation with RTE also induced a significant suppression of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression. The molecular mechanism by which RTE inhibited iNOS protein expression appeared to involve the inhibition of $NF{-\kappa}B$ activation. The $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$-stimulated RIN cells showed increases in $NF{-\kappa}B$ binding activityand $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation in cytosol compared to unstimulated cells. However, pretreatment with RTE inhibited cytokines-induced $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation and $NF{-\kappa}B$ activation in RINm5F cells. Furthermore, the protective effects of RTE were verified via protection of impairment in glucose-stimulated insulin secretions in $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$-treated islets.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.431-436
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• 2008

The impact of storage on the neuroprotective effects against $A\beta$-induced cell death and physicochemical characteristics of milk fortified with BF-7 were investigated. The BF-7 milk exerted protection of neuronal cells SK-N-SH from amyloid beta ($A\beta$)-induced neuronal stress. Our results showed that incubation of the cell with pretreated BF-7 milk, significantly attenuated apoptotic stress by $A\beta$, considered in cell morphology and nucleus shape. The general compositions were maintained consistently in BF-7 fortified milk (BF-7 milk). The BF-7 did not make any disturbance on pH and titratable acidity. The color change was not detected, either. Also, any microorganism had not been detected with more than 7 days storage at $4^{\circ}C$. In sensory evaluation study. the average scores of each sensory attribute were quite similar with plain milk. In conclusion, our results strongly indicate that BF-7 characteristics are quite adequate to be included in milk and BF-7 milk is still working well on neuro-protection, result in enforcing our brain and delaying neurodegeneration.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2008

Immune system can protect host attacking from a variety of microorganism and virus through innate and adaptive immunities. The innate immune system can be activated by recognition of conserved carbohydrates on the cell surface of pathogen resulting in protection, immunity regulation and inflammation. Immunostimulating and anti-tumor ${\beta}$-glucan, major cell wall component of many fungi, could be recognized as pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) by C-type lectin such as pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) of host innate immunity cells. In spite of many studies of basidiomycetes ${\beta}$-glucan on immunostimulation, little is known about the precise mechanism as molecular-level. Among C-type lectins, dectin-1 was cloned and reported as a ${\beta}$-glucan receptor. In this report, we demonstrated induction of cytokine gene transcription by Ganoderma lucidum ${\beta}$-glucan in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by RT-PCR analysis. The expression of murine dectin-1 (MD-1) on RAW264.7 macrophage by RT-PCR showing both the full length, 757 bp $(MD-1{\alpha})$ and alternative spliced form, 620 bp $(MD-1{\beta})$. Both $MD-1{\alpha}$ and $MD-1{\beta}$ mRNAs were induced by ${\beta $-glucan both in the absence and presence of LPS. To explore expression of inflammatory cytokines by ${\beta}$-glucan, RAW264.7 cells were treated with ${\beta}$-glucan for 12 hours. As a result, the expressions of IL-1 IL-6, IL-l0 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were increased by ${\beta}$-glucan treatment in a dose-dependent fashion. From these results, ${\beta}$-glucan induced transcriptions of dectin-1 and immune activating cytokine genes, indicating induction of immune allertness by expressing dectin-1 and secreting inflammatory cytokines.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.190-201
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• 2003

Object : This study was designed to investigate the effects of Chungganhaeju-tang (Qingganjiejiu-tang) on cytotoxicity, growth inhibition, apoptosis and expression of cytokine in damaged HepG2 cells. Method : Toxicity on HepG2 cell induced by ethanol and acetaldehyde was measured for viability, cell growth, DNA replication and generation of apoptosis and cytokine. The recovery of the cell activity by Chungganhaeju-tang was estimated for the measured parameters using PCR with different cycle numbers, DNA gel-electrophoresis, and densitometric analysis, Results : Chungganhaeju-tang improves the recovery of HepG2 cells damaged by ethanol or acetaldehyde. The suppressed DNA synthesis of the cell damaged by ethanol or acetaldehyde is improved by Chungganhaeju-tang. A liver-protection effect was shown by the reduction of apoptosis and $TNF-{\alpha},{\;}IL-1{\beta}$ expressions that are induced by ethanol or acetaldehyde. Conclusion : The result indicates that Chungganhaeju-tang reduces toxicity induced by ethanol or acetaldehyde and recovers damaged liver function.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.589-594
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• 1997

The neuronal voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs) are multisubunit complexes consisting of $\alpha_1,\;\alpha_2-\delta$ and $\beta$ subunits. Heterologous expression and biochemical studies have shown that the activity of VSCCs is regulated by their $\beta$ subunits in a $\beta$ subunit isoform-specific manner. To elucidate the $\beta$ subunit identity of the P/Q-type calcium channel encoded by an $\alpha_{1A}$ subunit, which is exclusively expressed in the Purkinje and granule cell of the cerebellum, we have examined the spatial and temporal expression patterns of $\beta$ subunits and compared them with those of $\alpha_{1A}$ subunit in the developing rat cerebellum. Reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Northern blot analysis have shown that $\beta_4$ subunit mRNA was prominently expressed in the cerebellum and much more abundant than any other distinct $\beta$ subunits. RNase protection assay has further demonstrated that the expression of $\alpha_{1A}$ and $\beta_4$ subunits increased during cerebellar development, while the amount of $\beta_2$ and $\beta_3$ mRNAs did not significantly change. In addition, a $\beta_4$ transcript was present in cultured cerebellar granule cells, but not in astrocyte cells, and the level of $\beta_4$ mRNA expression increased gradually in vitro seen as in vivo. Based on the spatial and temporal expression patterns of $\beta_4$ subunit, we conclude that $\beta_4$ may predominantly associate, but probably not exclusively, with the $\alpha_{1A}$ subunit in rat cerebellar granule cells.