• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.757-766
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• 2014

Postnatal muscle hypertrophy of beef cattle is the result of enhanced myofibrillar protein synthesis and reduced protein turnover. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy has been studied in cattle fed ${\beta}$-adrenergic agonists (${\beta}$-AA), which are receptor-mediated enhancers of protein synthesis and inhibitors of protein degradation. Feeding ${\beta}$-AA to beef cattle increases longissimus muscle cross-sectional area 6% to 40% compared to non-treated cattle. The ${\beta}$-AA have been reported to improve live animal performance, including average daily gain, feed efficiency, hot carcass weight, and dressing percentage. Treatment with ${\beta}$-AA increased mRNA concentration of the ${\beta}_2$ or ${\beta}_1$-adrenergic receptor and myosin heavy chain IIX in bovine skeletal muscle tissue. This review will examine the effects of skeletal muscle and adipose development with ${\beta}$-AA, and will interpret how the use of ${\beta}$-AA affects performance, body composition, and growth in beef cattle.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2017

Fatty acid profiles in relation to meat quality traits and sensory palatability of grain-fed and grass-fed beef from Hanwoo, American, and Australian crossbred cattle were examined in this study. There were significant (p<0.001) differences in fat content and fatty acid compositions between grain-fed and grass-fed beef. Grain-fed Hanwoo had significantly (p<0.001) lower saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportion but higher monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) proportion compared to grass-fed cattle. The proportion of oleic acid in grain-fed Hanwoo was significantly (p<0.001) higher than that in grass-fed Hanwoo, Australian crossbred, or American crossbred cattle. Grain-fed Hanwoo had significantly (p<0.001) lower percentages of drip loss and cooking loss compared to other cattle. Overall palatability panel scores of grain-fed cattle were significantly (p<0.001) higher than those of grass-fed cattle. Consequently, sensory overall palatability was negatively correlated with proportions of SFA and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), but positively correlated with the proportion of MUFA. In particular, the proportion of oleic acid was strongly and positively correlated with fat content (r=0.91, p<0.001) and overall palatability (r=0.92, p<0.001). These results implied that high-concentrate grain-fed could increase intramuscular fat (IMF) content and the proportion of oleic acid, thus increasing the sensory palatability of Hanwoo beef.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.951-960
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• 2018

Hanwoo cattle are an important food source in Korea and their supply can have a major impact on meat availability for Korean consumers. The Hanwoo population was 1.8 million head in 2005 and gradually increased to 2.6 million in 2015. Per capita beef consumption has also increased, to 11.6 kg per year in 2015, and is expected to continue to increase. Because intramuscular fat percentage is a critical contributor to meat quality, Hanwoo cattle are fed a high-energy corn-based diet for long fattening periods. Long fed diet causes significant alterations in fat percentage in the loin muscle and other areas of the carcass. However, these long feeding periods increase feeding costs and beef prices. Recently, there has been increased Korean consumer demand for lean beef which has less fat, but is tender and priced more reasonably. These consumer demands on the Korean beef industry are driving differing beef production systems and also changes to the beef grading methodology. Korean government has made a significant investment to select bulls with favorable production traits using progeny testing. Progeny tested bull semen has been disseminated to all Hanwoo farmers. A beef traceability system has been employed for all cattle breeds in Korea since 2009. Hanwoo cattle are ear-marked with a 12-digit identification number from birth to slaughter. This number allows traceability of the management history of individual cattle, and also provides information to consumers. Traceability including management information such as herd, farm, year of birth, and carcass data can determine estimated breeding values of Hanwoo. For a sustainable Hanwoo industry, research scientists in Korea have attempted to develop feeds for efficient fattening periods and precision feeding systems based on genetic information for Hanwoo cattle. These initiatives aim to Korean consumer demands for beef and provide more precision management in beef production in Korea.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.668-672
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• 2009

This paper describes the differentiation between native Korean cattle (Hanwoo) and Holsteins or imported cattle using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by targeting the sequence of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene. A rapid and accurate method was developed to identify Hanwoo by genotyping the DNA extracted from 295 commercial beef samples (obtained from 5 provinces in South Korea) labeled as Hanwoo beef. The results of real-time PCR assays for the proportions of Hanwoo were 84, 85.7, 95, 91.4, and 90% in the areas of Seoul, Joongbu, Youngnam, Honam, and Chungcheong, respectively. Thus, the beef samples from 295 butcher shops, which asserted to only sell Hanwoo, showed that 259 of 295 samples were of the Hanwoo beef gene type (T-type) and 36 of 295 samples were Holsteins of imported dairy cattle gene types (C-type or C/T type). In conclusion, the proportion of Hanwoo beef was 87.8% and the proportion of Holstein or imported dairy cattle meat was 12.2% (C-type: 9.8%, C/T-type: 2.4%). Generally, most consumers can not differentiate imported meat from Hanwoo beef. Therefore, Hanwoo beef and imported dairy cattle meat that is sold in butcher shops should have mandatory identification by using MC1R genotyping based on real-time PCR.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.435-444
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• 2016

This review addresses the role of fat in beef palatability and healthfulness. Particular emphasis is placed on the content of oleic acid in beef, and how this increases with time when cattle are fed a grain-based diet. Oleic acid decreases the melting point of lipids from beef, increasing the perception of juiciness and improving beef flavor. Clinical trials have demonstrated that ground beef containing elevated oleic acid increases, or at the least has no negative effects on the concentration of HDL cholesterol. The amount of fat in published ground beef intervention trials greatly exceeds the amount of fat in equivalent portions of beef from U.S. domestic or Korean Hanwoo cattle. Thus, we conclude 1) Beef cattle should be raised under production conditions that increase the concentration of oleic acid in their edible tissues (i.e., by grain feeding over extended periods of time); and 2) The amount of fat consumed in a typical portion of beef will not increase risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.358-363
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• 2005

Five crossbred beef cattle (Simmental${\times}$yellow cattle, Shantung Province) fitted with permanent cannulae in the rumen and T-type cannulae at the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum, were fed five different diets containing corn, cotton meal or soybean meal and ammoniated straw to determine the dry matter, crude protein and amino acid flows in duodenal and ileum digesta, and to calculate the regression equations between theoretical and experimental concentration of AA in duodenal digesta. The results showed that there was a strong correlation between experimental (g/d, y) and theoretical CP flows (g/d, x) at the proximal duodenum, the $R^2$-value regression equation of crude protein is very high (0.9636). The $R^2$-value regression equation of the limiting amino acid (such as Met or Lys) is high (0.7573 or 0.9252 respectively). This results indicated that we can formulate better diets fed to beef cattle according to the theoretical amino acid concentration. A mathematical model has been successfully constructed for predicting the supply of absorbed amino acids at the proximal duodenum in growing beef cattle.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.68-111
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• 1998

The structure of the Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle) Industry remains very weak and vulnerable to the WTO/IMF system. Considering that the majority of cattle farmers are small sized, and that marketing systems are outdated and inefficient, rapid expansion of lower priced beef imports by WTO system and rapid increasing of production costs by IMF system would lead to the deprivation of a regular source of farm income and threaten the stability of rural life. Accordingly, the Hanwoo industry should be expanded in accordance with progress in the implementation of (1) programs for the structural adjustment and (2) measures to compensate for the loss. Efforts for lowering major production factor costs needs to continue, In order to increase the supply of calves at low cost, the programs of collective cow-calf farms should be expanded, thereby reducing the cost of calf purchase, which constitutes the largest share of Hanwoo production cost. Also, feedlot operations should be encouraged for small herd farms in order to achieve a substantial saving in beef production costs by integrated operations from calf production to cattle fattening. A substantial saving would also be made by collective purchase and distribution of various inputs through the cooperatives' channels. Extension services should be strengthened for cattle farm management, cattle care and feeding, prevention of cattle disease, etc. In order to minimize cash outlays for commercial mixed feeds, utilization of far by-products as feeds should be enhanced and production of forage crops productive of resources, such as land and rural labor, during the farm o(f-season, needs to be encouraged. Also, technological development for enhancing the nutritional value of farm by-products should be encouraged. Measures for successful segregation of the Hanwoo beef market should be implemented, thereby enhancing incentive for quality beef producers and protecting consumers willing to pay higher price for quality beef. For development of the Hanwoo industry, a considerable time frame would be required in order for (1) small livestock farmers to make a successful adjustment by staying in the enterprise and achieving increased price efficiency (2) livestock farmers to acquire know-how for producing quality Hanwoo beef, (3) the ongoing Government policy of enhancing price-quality competitiveness, and for improving the quality Hanwoo beef marketing to take root. (4) consumers to increase their ability to distinguish meat quality, and others.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.992-1006
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• 2018

Beef production extends over almost half of Australia, with about 47,000 cattle producers that contribute about 20% ($A12.7 billion gross value of production) of the total value of farm production in Australia. Australia is one of the world's most efficient producers of cattle and was the world's third largest beef exporter in 2016. The Australian beef industry had 25 million head of cattle in 2016-17, with a national beef breeding herd of 11.5 million head. Australian beef production includes pasture-based cow-calf systems, a backgrounding or grow-out period on pasture, and feedlot or pasture finishing. Feedlot finishing has assumed more importance in recent years to assure the eating quality of beef entering the relatively small Australian domestic market, and to enhance the supply of higher value beef for export markets. Maintenance of Australia's preferred status as a quality assured supplier of high value beef produced under environmentally sustainable systems from 'disease-free' cattle is of highest importance. Stringent livestock and meat quality regulations and quality assurance systems, and productivity growth and efficiency across the supply chain to ensure price competiveness, are crucial for continued export market growth in the face of increasing competition. Major industry issues, that also represent research, development and adoption priorities and opportunities for the Australian beef industry have been captured within exhaustive strategic planning processes by the red meat and beef industries. At the broadest level, these issues include consumer and industry support, market growth and diversification, supply chain efficiency, productivity and profitability, environmental sustainability, and animal health and welfare. This review provides an overview of the Australian beef industry including current market trends and future prospects, and major issues and opportunities for the continued growth, development and profitability of the industry.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.557-562
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• 2007

This study was carried out to discriminate Hanwoo from the milking and hybrid cattle by detection of MC1R gene related to bovine hair color. One hundred sixty six samples were collected from the abattoir (n = 106) and local market (n = 60). The beef from abattoir were originated from Hanwoo (n=27), Holstein (n=29), Hybrid (n=45) and imported cattle (n=5), respectively. The beef from market consisted of Hanwoo (n=36), Holstein (n=7) and imported ones (n=17). Commercialized screening kit (Kogenebiotec, Korea) was used for MC1R gene analysis. As a result, Hanwoo was discriminated from Holstein. However, 9 of 45 hybrid and 11 of 22 imported beef samples were indistinguishable from Hanwoo. It could be explained by second generation of crossing of Hanwoo with Holstein or the cattle with silver or yellow hair. This results suggest that additional tests as well as MC1R gene detection be needed to confirm Hanwoo beef among cattle beef.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.506-520
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• 2023

Objective: Japanese Brown (JBR) cattle, especially the Kochi (Tosa) pedigree (JBRT), is a local breed of moderately marbled beef. Despite the increasing demand, the interbreed differences in muscle metabolites from the highly marbled Japanese Black (JBL) beef remain poorly understood. We aimed to determine flavor-related metabolites and postmortem metabolisms characteristic to JBRT beef in comparison with JBL beef. Methods: Lean portions of the longissimus thoracis (loin) muscle from four JBRT cattle were collected at 0, 1, and 14 d postmortem. The muscle metabolomic profiles were analyzed using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The difference in post-mortem metabolisms and aged muscle metabolites were analyzed by statistical and bioinformatic analyses between JBRT (n = 12) and JBL cattle (n = 6). Results: A total of 240 metabolite annotations were obtained from the detected signals of the JBRT muscle samples. Principal component analysis separated the beef samples into three different aging point groups. According to metabolite set enrichment analysis, post-mortem metabolic changes were associated with the metabolism of pyrimidine, nicotinate and nicotinamide, purine, pyruvate, thiamine, amino sugar, and fatty acid; citric acid cycle; and pentose phosphate pathway as well as various amino acids and mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism. The aged JBRT beef showed higher ultimate pH and lower lactate content than aged JBL beef, suggesting the lower glycolytic activity in postmortem JBRT muscle. JBRT beef was distinguished from JBL beef by significantly different compounds, including choline, amino acids, uridine monophosphate, inosine 5'-monophosphate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and betaine, suggesting interbreed differences in the accumulation of nucleotide monophosphate, glutathione metabolism, and phospholipid metabolism. Conclusion: Glycolysis, purine metabolism, fatty acid catabolism, and protein degradation were the most common pathways in beef during postmortem aging. The differentially expressed metabolites and the relevant metabolisms in JBRT beef may contribute to the development of a characteristic flavor.