• Title/Summary/Keyword: Bedding Material

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Evaluation of Dairy Manure Production in Bedded Pack Barn (깔짚우사 내 젖소분뇨 발생량 평가)

  • Jo, Hyun-Soo;Lee, Seung-Hun;Lee, Jae-Hee;Ahn, Hee-Kwon
    • Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.29-34
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    • 2015
  • This study was conducted to determine the amount of manure production from Holstein dairy cattle raised in bedded pack barn and the appropriate bedding material removal time. Total six heads of dairy cows (about 715 kg weight) were raised in three pens (two heads per pen) for 62 days. Average daily production of manure containing sawdust bedding was 21.2 kg per head and that of manure excluding bedding was 18.7 kg. Moisture content of bedding materials were significantly increased up to 86% of water holding capacity (WHC) of sawdust during the first 30 days. It kept very stable level after 30 to 50 days. Theoretically, 30 days after adding fresh bedding seems to be proper removal time only based on WHC. On the other hand, from a practical perspective, maximum 50 days after adding new bedding would be fine by comprehensively considering various factors such as bedding material purchasing cost, feeding environment and manure treatment.

Simulation of the tensile failure behaviour of transversally bedding layers using PFC2D

  • Haeri, Hadi;Sarfarazi, Vahab;Zhu, Zheming;Marji, Mohammad Fatehi
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • v.67 no.5
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    • pp.493-504
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    • 2018
  • In this paper, the tensile failure behaviour of transversally bedding layers was numerically simulated by using particle flow code in two dimensions. Firstly, numerical model was calibrated by uniaxial, Brazilian and triaxial experimental results to ensure the conformity of the simulated numerical model's response. Secondly, 21 circular models with diameter of 54 mm were built. Each model contains two transversely bedding layers. The first bedding layer has low mechanical properties, less than mechanical properties of intact material, and second bedding layer has high mechanical properties, more than mechanical properties of intact material. The angle of first bedding layer, with weak mechanical properties, related to loading direction was $0^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $75^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ while the angle of second layer, with high mechanical properties, related to loading direction was $90^{\circ}$, $105^{\circ}$, $120^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$, $150^{\circ}$, $160^{\circ}$ and $180^{\circ}$. Is to be note that the angle between bedding layer was $90^{\circ}$ in all bedding configurations. Also, three different pairs of the thickness was chosen in models; i.e., 5 mm/10 mm, 10 mm/10 mm and 20 mm/10 mm. The result shows that In all configurations, shear cracks develop between the weaker bedding layers. Shear cracks angel related to normal load change from $0^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$ with increment of $15^{\circ}$. Numbers of shear cracks are constant by increasing the bedding thickness. It's to be note that in some configuration, tensile cracks develop through the intact area of material model. There is not any failure in direction of bedding plane interface with higher strength.

Effect of transversely bedding layer on the biaxial failure mechanism of brittle materials

  • Haeri, Hadi;Sarfarazi, Vahab;Zhu, Zheming;Moosavi, Ehsan
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • v.69 no.1
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    • pp.11-20
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    • 2019
  • The biaxial failure mechanism of transversally bedding concrete layers was numerically simulated using a sophisticated two-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) implemented in the particle flow code (PFC2D). This numerical modelling code was first calibrated by uniaxial compression and Brazilian testing results to ensure the conformity of the simulated numerical model's response. Secondly, 21 rectangular models with dimension of $54mm{\times}108mm$ were built. Each model contains two transversely bedding layers. The first bedding layer has low mechanical properties, less than mechanical properties of intact material, and second bedding layer has high mechanical properties, more than mechanical properties of intact material. The angle of first bedding layer, with weak mechanical properties, related to loading direction was $0^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $75^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ while the angle of second layer, with high mechanical properties, related to loading direction was $90^{\circ}$, $105^{\circ}$, $120^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$, $150^{\circ}$, $160^{\circ}$ and $180^{\circ}$. Is to be note that the angle between bedding layer was $90^{\circ}$ in all bedding configurations. Also, three different pairs of the thickness were chosen in models, i.e., 5 mm/10 mm, 10 mm/10 mm and 20 mm/10 mm. The result shows that in all configurations, shear cracks develop between the weaker bedding layers. Shear cracks angel related to normal load change from $0^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$ with increment of $15^{\circ}$. Numbers of shear cracks are constant by increasing the bedding thickness. It's to be noted that in some configuration, tensile cracks develop through the intact area of material model. There is not any failure in direction of bedding plane interface with higher strength.

Relationships among bedding materials, bedding bacterial composition and lameness in dairy cows

  • Li, Han;Wang, Xiangming;Wu, Yan;Zhang, Dingran;Xu, Hongyang;Xu, Hongrun;Xing, Xiaoguang;Qi, Zhili
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.34 no.9
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    • pp.1559-1568
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    • 2021
  • Objective: Bedding materials directly contact hooves of dairy cows and they may serve as environmental sources of lameness-associated pathogen. However, the specific composition of bacteria hidden in bedding materials is still not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the effect bedding material and its bacterial composition has on lameness of Holstein heifers. Methods: Forty-eight Holstein heifers with similar body weights were randomly assigned into three groups including sand bedding (SB), concrete floor (CF), and compost bedding (CB). Hock injuries severity and gait performance of dairy cows were scored individually once a week. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment and bedding material samples were collected once a week for Illumina sequencing. Results: The CF increased visible hock injuries severity and serum biomarkers of joint damage in comparison to SB and CB groups. Besides, Illumina sequencing and analysis showed that the bacterial community of CB samples had higher similarity to that of SB samples than CF samples. Bacteria in three bedding materials were dominated by gastrointestinal bacteria and organic matter-degrading bacteria, such as Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and norank JG30-KF-cM45. Lameness-associated Spirochaetaceae and Treponeme were only detected in SB and CB samples with a very low relative abundance (0% to 0.08%). Conclusion: The bacterial communities differed among bedding materials. However, the treponemes pathogens involved in the pathogenesis of lameness may not be a part of microbiota in bedding materials of dairy cows.

Cacao bean husk: an applicable bedding material in dairy free-stall barns

  • Yajima, Akira;Owada, Hisashi;Kobayashi, Suguru;Komatsu, Natsumi;Takehara, Kazuaki;Ito, Maria;Matsuda, Kazuhide;Sato, Kan;Itabashi, Hisao;Sugimura, Satoshi;Kanda, Shuhei
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.30 no.7
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    • pp.1048-1053
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    • 2017
  • Objective: The objectives of the study were to assess the effect of cacao bean husk as bedding material in free-stall barn on the behavior, productivity, and udder health of dairy cattle, and on the ammonia concentrations in the barn. Methods: Four different stall surfaces (no bedding, cacao bean husk, sawdust, and chopped wheat straw) were each continuously tested for a period of 1 week to determine their effects on nine lactating Holstein cows housed in the free-stall barn with rubber matting. The lying time and the milk yield were measured between d 4 and d 7. Blood samples for plasma cortisol concentration and teat swabs for bacterial counts were obtained prior to morning milking on d 7. The time-averaged gas-phase ammonia concentrations in the barn were measured between d 2 and d 7. Results: The cows spent approximately 2 h more per day lying in the stalls when bedding was available than without bedding. The milk yield increased in the experimental periods when cows had access to bedding materials as compared to the period without bedding. The lying time was positively correlated with the milk yield. Bacterial counts on the teat ends recorded for cows housed on cacao bean husk were significantly lower than those recorded for cows housed without bedding. Ammonia concentration under cacao bean husk bedding decreased by 6%, 15%, and 21% as compared to no bedding, sawdust, and chopped wheat straw, respectively. The cortisol concentration was lowest in the period when cacao bean husk bedding was used. We observed a positive correlation between the ammonia concentrations in the barn and the plasma cortisol concentrations. Conclusion: Cacao bean husk is a potential alternative of conventional bedding material, such as sawdust or chopped wheat straw, with beneficial effects on udder health and ammonia concentrations in the barns.

Development of Naturally Dyed Bedding Design Applying a Healing Concept (힐링 개념을 적용한 천연염색의 침구류 디자인개발 연구)

  • Song, Jung-Hee;Kwak, Tai-Gi
    • Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.15-28
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    • 2017
  • Today, modern people are exposed to various environmental pollutants such as harmful substances and stress, which can compromise health. Therefore, a healing culture that seeks to enjoy human life based on the healing of body and mind is attracting great attention. The purpose of this study is to develop environmentally friendly natural dyeing considering a healing concept with four elements: color, dye, material, and pattern. The research methods and scope are based on a theoretical review of healing and research on the literature of bedding related to natural dyes, national and international books, the Internet, etc., and naturally dyed bedding. This paper presents actual production research. The results of this study are as follows. First, the elements of color, dyeing, material and pattern were developed through the process of a bedding design development model that applies a healing concept and can be commercialized as a healing bedding product. Second, a healing color proposal was expressed in an intermediate color system of pink, ocher, lavender, and indigo colors for emotional stability, warmth, calmness, comfort and softness. Third, eco-friendly bedding using natural dyes with medicinal efficacy can obtain the healing effect of the natural treatment method, which can aid healthy sleep. Fourth, the pattern used in the bedclothes was a motif of Sarasa embroidery, flower embroidery, ribbon embroidery, and wave quilting motifs to provide psychological stability as a healing concept in the sleeping environment. The natural healing bedding with the healing concept proposed in this study has natural treatment that is beneficial to human health and the development of bedding with natural dyes will lead to an increase of demand for the sleeping environment.

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Preferences and animal welfare of mice for type of bedding material (마우스 사육에 있어서 깔짚의 종류에 따른 물리적.화학적 성상의 변화에 관한 연구)

  • Lim Jun-Sung;Shin Dong-Seok;Cho Jin-Youn;Kim Hyun-Seok;Kim Min-Su;Im Hyun;Ahn Jae-Bum;Song Ji-Yae;Kim Hyeon-Cheol;Jung Ki-Soo;Lee Mi-Sook;Park Young-Jae;Shin Myung-Kyun
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.71-77
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    • 2006
  • The type of bedding material has been reported affect the environment and animal well-being. Therefore, it has an impact on the health. So, bedding material is the most Important factor in mouse environments. If it is not properly treated, experimental results are unreliable. In this study, various types of bedding material were evaluated in terms of physical characteristics and preference. It was found that bedding material consisting of large fibrous particles and wide inter-particular gap were preferred. The characteristics of bedding material were further investigated by scanning the size and shape of particles. The results show that physical characteristics such as shape, ammonia absorption, particle size effect on experimental data.

A Study on Korean Women's Bedding Consumption Status, Purchase Behavior and Degree of Satisfaction (여성의 침구 구매 행동 및 만족도에 관한 연구)

  • Cho, Chu-Hee;Kim, Chil-Soon
    • The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.423-435
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this study was to observe the current consumption of bedding products, purchase behavior, and to compare between purchase criteria and degree of satisfaction after the purchase. Independent variables are age, consumer's knowledge and involvement about the bedding materials. This study can contribute for bedding product marketing strategies and design development. We used questionnaires that were distributed to 500 females aged in 20s to 50s, using stratified sampling method. Only 457 reliable questionnaires were selected for statistical analysis. Data were analyzed statistically through frequencies, paired t-test, ANOVA, Dunnett T3, Chi-test, using SPSS (Version 12.0). The results of this study are as follows. The types of bedroom was significantly associated with age variables. Women in 20's to 30's were using the mixture of Ondol and bed(chimdaie), while 40's to 50's women were using bed for all their rooms. The usage of filling material for the comforter(ibul) was significantly associated with the age group. 20's to 30's age group preferred synthetic fibers for the filling, while 40 to 50's women preferred cotton fibers. Generally, the most of people used quilted comforter and they used cotton material as filling materials of comforters. As to purchase behavior, the most frequent place of purchase was specialty store of bedding products, and the highest percentage of motivation for purchase was "deformation after the use/throwing away". Purchase motivation for bedding was related with the age variable and the clusters based on the knowledge of bedding materials. We analysed the comparison test purchase criteria and satisfaction. In all attributes except brand image, people evaluated lower in satisfaction after purchase than in criteria before purchase.

Effects of Bedding Thickness of Sawdust on Environment of Cowshed Floor and Productivity of Hanwoo (깔짚 두께가 한우사 바닥환경과 생산성에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Seung-Gi;Park, Byung-Ki;An, Jun-Sang;Park, Myung-Ho;Ra, Chang-Six;Shin, Jong-Suh
    • Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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    • v.18 no.sup
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    • pp.65-72
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    • 2012
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effects of bedding thickness of sawdust on feed intake, blood metabolites concentration and environmental condition of cowshed floor for Hanwoo. Feed intake was increased at thicker bedding groups (15 or 20cm), compared with thinner bedding group (10cm). The thicker bedding had a positive effect on concentration of serum total protein, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Moisture content and the number of E. Coli in the bedding material were remarkably lower in 15 and 20 cm groups, compared with 10 cm group. Based on the data obtained in this study, approximately 20 cm bedding thickness or at least over 15 cm would be maintained to improve the health condition of Hanwoo and hence to enhance the productivity.

Evaluation of Optimum Moisture Content for Composting of Beef Manure and Bedding Material Mixtures Using Oxygen Uptake Measurement

  • Kim, Eunjong;Lee, Dong-Hyun;Won, Seunggun;Ahn, Heekwon
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.29 no.5
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    • pp.753-758
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    • 2016
  • Moisture content influences physiological characteristics of microbes and physical structure of solid matrices during composting of animal manure. If moisture content is maintained at a proper level, aerobic microorganisms show more active oxygen consumption during composting due to increased microbial activity. In this study, optimum moisture levels for composting of two bedding materials (sawdust, rice hull) and two different mixtures of bedding and beef manure (BS, Beef cattle manure+sawdust; BR, Beef cattle manure+rice hull) were determined based on oxygen uptake rate measured by a pressure sensor method. A broad range of oxygen uptake rates (0.3 to 33.3 mg $O_2/g$ VS d) were monitored as a function of moisture level and composting feedstock type. The maximum oxygen consumption of each material was observed near the saturated condition, which ranged from 75% to 98% of water holding capacity. The optimum moisture content of BS and BR were 70% and 57% on a wet basis, respectively. Although BS's optimum moisture content was near saturated state, its free air space kept a favorable level (above 30%) for aerobic composting due to the sawdust's coarse particle size and bulking effect.