• Title/Summary/Keyword: Bed shear stress

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Laboratory Study on the Settling Properties of Silty Mud (실트질 점토의 심강(沈降) 특성(特性)에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Cha Kyum;Lee, Jong Sup
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.85-93
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    • 1991
  • To investigate the effect of the initial sediment concentration ($C_o$) and bed shear stress (${\tau}_b$) on the settling properties of silty mud, deposition experiments were conducted in a recirculating flume using silty mud sediment taken from the Youngkwang coast which is located in the eastern Yellow Sea. The relative concentration, $C/C_o$ (C=depth averaged concentration), and the relative equilibrium concentration, $C_{eq}/C_o$ ($C_{eq}$=depth averaged concentration in the equilibrium state), have been found to depend much more strongly on the bed shear stress than initial concentration, and to increase with increasing bed shear stress. The minimum value. ${\tau}_{bmin}$, and maximum value. ${\tau}_{bmax}$, of critical bed shear stress for deposition of the Youngkwang sediment were deduced to be $0.017N/m^2$ and $1.25N/m^2$, respectively, and these values depend strongly on the properties of sediment (grain size and mineralogy). Formulas for the relative concentration and apparent median settling velocity in the range of ${\tau}_b{\geq}{\tau}_{bmin}$ were deduced. The apparent median settling velocity was found to depend much more strongly on the bed shear stress than the initial concentration and to decrease exponentially with increasing bed shear stress.

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Physical Characteristics of Floc Density of Suspended Fine Particles in accordance with the Cohesiveness (점착성에 따른 부유 미립자의 플럭밀도에 대한 물리적 특성)

  • Choi, In Ho;Kim, Jong Woo
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.227-234
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    • 2018
  • This paper was examined the physical characteristics of floc density of suspended fine particles with varying cohesiveness. The analysis of floc density was performed in a small annular flume with a free water surface under different bed shear stresses and ion addition. Fine-grained silica was used as model material, as it is the main mineral components of clay that affects sedimentation. It was concluded that floc density depended on increasing the bed shear stress, the salinity and pH value. Floc density decreased with increasing the salinity in still water and floc size, whereas the opposite was true when increasing the bed shear stress. Also, it increased at pH6.8 more than at pH4.2 when increasing the bed shear stress in the range from 0.0086 to $0.0132N/m^2$.

VORTEX SHEAR VELOCITY AND ITS EROSION IN THE SCOUR HOLE

  • Lee, Hong-Sik;Kim, Jin-Hong;Lee, Sam-Hee
    • Water Engineering Research
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    • v.1 no.4
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    • pp.259-266
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    • 2000
  • Scour hole is formed due to the high shear stress of the jet flow at the outlet of a hydraulic structure and vortex erosion occurs in the scour hole. It is important to determine the amount of vortex erosion occurs in the scour hole. It is important to determine the amount of vortex erosion for the design of bed protection. If the vortex erosion continues and reaches to the hydraulic structure, it causes the deformation of the structure itself. To obtain the amount of the vortex erosion, it is necessary to determine the shear velocity of the line vortex in the scour hole was derived by the theory of energy conservation and found to be related to the upstream overflow velocity. The amount of vortex erosion from the scour hole was obtained using entrainment equation for given value of shear velocity. For a design purpose, if the flow velocity at the end of an apron and the properties of bed material are given, the amount of vortex erosion was obtained.

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A Laboratory Study for Erosional Properties of Cohesive Sediments from Mokpo Coast (목포해역 점착성 퇴적물의 침식특성에 대한 실험적 연구)

  • Kim, Man-Kon;Yang, Su-Hyun;Tae, Dong-Hyeon;Hwang, Kyu-Nam
    • Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.14-21
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    • 2011
  • The purpose of this study is to quantify the erosional parameters, such as the critical shear stress for erosion and the erosion rate coefficient for cohesive sediments from the Mokpo coast. Using Chonbuk annular flume, five erosion tests were conducted under the uniform bed condition but a different bed density respectively. Erosion test results for Mokpo sediments have shown increases in the range of $0.16{\sim}0.43\;N/m^2$ but decreases exponentially in the range of $272{\sim}4.64\;mg/cm^2{\cdot}hr$ for the given bed shear stress of $1.14{\sim}1.34\;g/cm^3$. The erosional parameters of Mokpo sediments are found to vary remarkably in quantity compared with those for cohesive sediments from other sites. On the whole, the value of Mokpo coast sediments appears to be similar to Kunsan sediments but smaller than Saemankeum and Okeechobee sediments. On the other hand, Mokpo sediments have been shown to be larger than Saemankeum and Okeechobee sediments but smaller than Kunsan sediments.

Potential of River Bottom and Bank Erosion for River Restoration after Dam Slit in the Mountain Stream

  • Kang, Ji-Hyun;So, Kazama
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.46-46
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    • 2011
  • Severe sediment erosion during floods occur disaster and economic losses, but general sediment erosion is basic mechanism to move sediment from upstream to downstream river. In addition, it is important process to change river form. Check dam, which is constructed in mountain stream, play a vital role such as control of sudden debris flow, but it has negative aspects to river ecosystem. Now a day, check dam of open type is an alternative plan to recover river biological diversity and ecosystem through sediment transport while maintaining the function of disaster control. The purpose of this paper is to verify sediment erosion progress of river bottom and bank as first step for river restoration after dam slit by cross-sectional shear stress and critical shear stress. Study area is upstream reach of slit check dam in mountain stream, named Wasada, in Japan. The check dam was slit with two passages in August, 2010. The transects were surveyed for four upstream cross-sections, 7.4 m, 34 m, 86 m, and 150 m distance from dam in October 2010. Sediment size was surveyed at river bottom and bank. Sediment of cobble size was found at the wetted bottom, and small size particles of sand to medium gravel composed river bank. Discharge was $2.5\;m^3/s$ and bottom slope was 0.027 m/m. Excess shear stress (${\tau}_{ex}$) was calculated for hydraulic erosion by subtracting the values of critical shear stress (${\tau}_{c}$) from the value of shear stress (${\tau}$) at river bottom and bank (${\tau}_{ex}=\tau-{\tau}_c$). Shear stress of river bottom (${\tau}_{bottom}$) was calculated using the cross-sectional shear stress, and bank shear stress (${\tau}_{bank}$) was calculated from the method of Flintham and Carling (1988). $${\tau}_{bank}={\tau}^*SF_{bank}((B+P_{bed})/(2^*P_{bank}))$$ where $SF_{bank}=1.77(P_{bed}/p_{bank}+1.5)^{-1.4}$, B is the water surface width, $P_{bed}$ and $P_{bank}$ are wetted parameter of the bed and bank. Estimated values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ for a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$ were lower as 25.0 (7.5 m cross-section), 25.7 (34 m), 21.3 (86 m) and 19.8 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, than critical shear stress (${\tau}_c=62.1\;N/m^2$) with cobble of 64 mm. The values were insufficient to erode cobble sediment. In contrast, even if the values of ${\tau}_{bank}$ were lower than the values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ as 18.7 (7.5 m), 19.3 (34 m), 16.1 (86 m) and 14.7 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, excess shear stresses were calculated at the three cross-sections of 7.5 m, 34 m, and 86 m distances compare with ${\tau}_c$ is 15.5 N/$m^2$ of 16mm gravel. Bank shear stresses were sufficient for erosion of the medium gravel to sand. Therefore there is potential to erode lateral bank than downward erosion in a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$. Undercutting of the wetted bank can causes bank scour or collapse, therefore this channel has potential to become wider at the same time. This research is about a potential of sediment erosion, and the result could not verify with real data. Therefore it need next step for verification. In addition an erosion mechanism for river restoration is not simple because discharge distribution is variable by snow-melting or rainy season, and a function for disaster control will recover by big precipitation event. Therefore it needs to consider the relationship between continuous discharge change and sediment erosion.

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An automatic rotating annular flume for cohesive sediment erosion experiments: Calibration and preliminary results

  • Steven Figueroa;Minwoo Son
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2023.05a
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    • pp.319-319
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    • 2023
  • Flows of water in the environment (e.g. in a river or estuary) generally occur in complex conditions. This complexity can hinder a general understanding of flows and their related sedimentary processes, such as erosion and deposition. To gain insight in simplified, controlled conditions, hydraulic flumes are a popular type of laboratory research equipment. Linear flumes use pumps to recirculation water. This isn't appropriate for the investigation of cohesive sediments as pumps can break fragile cohesive sediment flocs. To overcome this limitation, the rotating annular flume (RAF) was developed. While not having pumps, a side-effect is that unwanted secondary circulations can occur. To counteract this, the top and bottom lid rotate in opposite directions. Furthermore, a larger flume is considered better as it has less curvature and secondary circulation. While only a few RAFs exist, they are important for theoretical research which often underlies numerical models. Many of the first-generation of RAFs have come into disrepair. As new measurement techniques and models become available, there is still a need to research cohesive sediment erosion and deposition in facilities such as a RAF. New RAFs also can have the advantage of being automatic instead of manually operated, thus improving data quality. To further advance our understanding of cohesive sediment erosion and deposition processes, a large, automatic RAF (1.72 m radius, 0.495 m channel depth, 0.275 m channel width) has been constructed at the Hydraulic Laboratory at Chungnam National University (CNU), Korea. The RAF has the ability to simulate both unidirectional (river) and bidirectional (tide) flows with supporting instrumentation for measuring turbulence, bed shear stress, suspended sediment concentraiton, floc size, bed level, and bed density. Here we present the current status and future prospect of the CNU RAF. In the future, calibration of the rotation rate with bed shear stress and experiments with unidirectional and bidirectional flow using cohesive kaolinite are expected. Preliminary results indicate that the CNU RAF is a valuable tool for fundamental cohesive sediment transport research.

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A Laboratory Study on Erosional Properties of the Deposit Bed of Kaolinite Sediments (고령토 퇴적저면의 침식특성에 대한 실험적 연구)

  • Kim, Yong-Muk;Kim, Hyun-Min;Hwang, Kyu-Nam;Yang, Su-Hyun
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.1181-1190
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    • 2014
  • In this study, the erosional parameters for deposit beds were quantitatively estimated domestically for the first time through the erosion tests using an annular flume. Four erosion tests were carried out for the deposit beds with different consolidation structures, which were obtained by consolidating the kaolinite slurries for a given time durations. Results of erosion tests showed that the bed shear strength ${\tau}_s$ increased with the consolidation time and bed depth. The erosion rate ${\epsilon}$ was also shown to be related well with the excess shear stress ${\tau}_b-{\tau}_s$ which was given by the difference between flow shear stress ${\tau}_b$ and bed shear strength ${\tau}_s$. While the logarithm of the erosion rate was linearly related with the excess shear stress as ${\tau}_b-{\tau}_s{\geq}0.1N/m^2$, however, the erosion rate decreased rapidly with it when ${\tau}_b-{\tau}_s{\leq}0.1N/m^2$. These erosion test results were also shown to be good enough to verify by comparing with the test results from previous studies and a new equation was suggested to describe the erosion rate more well in the region of ${\tau}_b-{\tau}_s{\leq}0.1N/m^2$.

Characteristics of Vortex Structure and Its Shear Velocity in a Scour Hole

  • 김진홍
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.34 no.E
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    • pp.45-59
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    • 1992
  • At downstream part of the hydraulic structures such as spiliway or drainage gate, jet flow can occur by gate opening. If stream bed is not hard or bed protection is not sufficient, scour hole will be formed due to high shear stress of the jet flow. We call this primary scour. Once the scour hole is formed, a vortex occurs in it and this vortex causes additional scour. We call this secondary scour. The primary scour proceeds to downstream together with flow direction but the secondary one proceeds to upstream direction opposite to it. If the secondary one continues and reaches to the hydraulic structure, it can undermine the bottom of hydraulic structure and this will lead to failure of structure itself. Thus, it is necessary to know the physical features of the vortex structure in a scour hole, which is the main mechanism of the secondary scour. This study deals with the characteristics of the vortex structure and its shear stress which causes the secondary scour.

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The Estimation of Shear Stress in Uniform and Nonuniform Flow by the Entropy Concept (엔트로피 개념을 이용한 개수로에서 등류 및 부등류 흐름의 전단응력 산정)

  • Choo, Yeon Moon;Choo, Tai Ho;Yang, Da Un;Kim, Joong Hoon
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.202-210
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    • 2017
  • Shear stress is one of the most important mechanical factors used in various fields and is important for the design of artificial channels. Current shear stresses have been used in the past, but there are factors that are difficult to actually measure or calculate, such as bed shear stress and energy slope in the equation used. In particular, the energy slope is a very difficult factor to estimate, and it is difficult to estimate the slope and flow velocity of the boundary layer although the energy slope can be used to obtain the shear stress distribution. In addition, the bed shear stress among the shear stress distribution is very difficult to measure directly, and the research is somewhat slower than the velocity. In this study, we have studied the simple calculation of the average flow velocity and the shear stress distribution using entropy M without reflecting the energy gradient, and we used existing laboratory data to demonstrate the utility of the applied equation. The stress distribution in the graphs was comparatively analyzed. In the case of the uniform flow and the non-uniform flow, the correlation coefficient was almost identical to 0.930-0.998.