• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.408-420
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• 2023

Beryllium oxide (BeO) is being re-emphasized and utilized in Micro Modular Reactors (MMR) because of its prominent nuclear and high temperature properties in recent years. The implications of the research about effects of neutron irradiation on the microstructure and properties of BeO are significant. This article comprehensively reviews the effects of neutron irradiation on BeO and proposes the maximum permissible neutron doses at different temperatures for BeO without cracks in appearance according to the data in the previous literature. This maximum permissible neutron dose value has important reference significance for the experimental study of BeO. The effects of neutron irradiation on the thermal conductivity and flexural strength of BeO are also discussed. In addition, microstructure evolution of irradiated BeO during post-irradiation annealing is summarized. This review article has important implications for the application of BeO in MMR.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-9
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• 1976

The categories of national health problems may be mainly divided into health promotion, problems of diseases, and population-economic problems which are indirectly related to health. Of them, the problems of diseases will be exclusively dealt with this speech. Rurality and Disease Problems There are many differences between rural and urban areas. In general, indicators of rurality are small size of towns, dispersion of the population, remoteness from urban centers, inadequacy of public transportation, poor communication, inadequate sanitation, poor housing, poverty, little education lack of health personnels and facilities, and in-accessibility to health services. The influence of such conditions creates, directly or indirectly, many problems of diseases in the rural areas. Those art the occurrence of preventable diseases, deterioration and prolongation of illness due to loss of chance to get early treatment, decreased or prolonged labour force loss, unnecessary death, doubling of medical cost, and economic loss. Some Considerations of Innovative Approach The followings art some considerations of innovative approaches to the problems of diseases in the rural Korea. 1. It would be essential goal of the innovative approaches that the damage and economic loss due to diseases will be maintained to minimum level by minimizing the absolute amount of the diseases, and by moderating the fee for medical cares. The goal of the minimization of the disease amount may be achieved by preventive services and early treatment, and the goal of moderating the medical fee may be achieved by lowering the prime cost and by adjusting the medical fees to reasonable level. 2. Community health service or community medicine will be adopted as a innovative means to disease problems. In this case, a community is defined as an unit area where supply and utilization of primary service activities can be accomplished within a day. The essential nature o the community health service should be such activities as health promotion, preventive measures, medical care, and rehabilitation performing efficiently through the organized efforts of the residents in a community. Each service activity should cover all members of the residents in a community in its plan and performance. The cooperation of the community peoples in one of the essential elements for success of the service program, The motivations of their cooperative mood may be activated through several ways: when the participation of the residents in service program of especially the direct participation of organized cooperation of the area leaders art achieved through a means of health education: when the residents get actual experience of having received the benefit of good quality services; and when the health personnels being armed with an idealism that they art working in the areas to help health problems of the residents, maintain good human relationships with them. For the success of a community health service program, a personnel who is in charge of leadership and has an able, a sincere and a steady characters seems to be required in a community. The government should lead and support the community health service programs of the nation under the basis of results appeared in the demonstrative programs so as to be carried out the programs efficiently. Moss of the health problems may be treated properly in the community levels through suitable community health service programs but there might be some problems which art beyond their abilities to be dealt with. To solve such problems each community health service program should be under the referral systems which are connected with health centers, hospitals, and so forth. 3. An approach should be intensively groped to have a physician in each community. The shortage of physicians in rural areas is world-wide problem and so is the Korean situation. In the past the government has initiated a system of area-limited physician, coercion, and a small scale of scholarship program with unsatisfactory results. But there might be ways of achieving the goal by intervice, broadened, and continuous approaches. There will be several ways of approach to motivate the physicians to be settled in a rural community. They are, for examples, to expos the students to the community health service programs during training, to be run community health service programs by every health or medical schools and other main medical facilities, communication activities and advertisement, desire of community peoples to invite a physician, scholarship program, payment of satisfactory level, fulfilment of military obligation in case of a future draft, economic growth and development of rural communities, sufficiency of health and medical facilities, provision of proper medical care system, coercion, and so forth. And, hopefully, more useful reference data on the motivations may be available when a survey be conducted to the physicians who are presently engaging in the rural community levels. 4. In communities where the availability of a physician is difficult, a trial to use physician extenders, under certain conditions, may be considered. The reason is that it would be beneficial for the health of the residents to give them the remedies of primary medical care through the extenders rather than to leave their medical problems out of management. The followings are the conditions to be considered when the physician extenders are used: their positions will be prescribed as a temporary one instead of permanent one so as to allow easy replacement of the position with a physician applicant; the extender will be under periodic direction and supervision of a physician, and also referral channel will be provided: legal constraints will be placed upon the extenders primary care practice, and the physician extenders will used only under the public medical care system. 5. For the balanced health care delivery, a greater investment to the rural areas is needed to compensate weak points of a rurality. The characteristics of a rurality has been already mentioned. The objective of balanced service for rural communities to level up that of urban areas will be hard to achieve without greater efforts and supports. For example, rural communities need mobile powers more than urban areas, communication network is extremely necessary at health delivery facilities in rural areas as well as the need of urban areas, health and medical facilities in rural areas should be provided more substantially than those of urban areas to minimize, in a sense, the amount of patient consultation and request of laboratory specimens through referral system of which procedures are more troublesome in rural areas, and more intensive control measures against communicable diseases are needed in rural areas where greater numbers of cases are occurred under the poor sanitary conditions.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to compare the quality and physicochemical characteristics of blue-shelled eggs (BE) and conventional eggs (CE). Proximate composition, quality, pH value, shell color, collagen content, fatty acid composition, total cholesterol, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity, and antioxidation activity were determined. The proximate composition, general qualities, and pH values of CE and BE showed no significant differences, except in moisture composition, weight, and shell thickness. Moisture content and weight of BE were significantly lower than those of CE. However, shell thickness and weight of BE were higher than those of CE (p<0.05). Lightness of BE was significantly higher than that of CE (85.20 vs. 58.80), while redness ($a^*$) and yellowness ($b^*$) of BE were lower than those of CE ($a^*$: -4.75 vs. 14.20; $b*$: 10.45 vs. 30.63). The fatty acid [C18:1n7 (cis-vaccenic acid) and C18:3n6 (gamma-linolenic acid)] contents of BE were significantly higher than those of CE. The total cholesterol contents of BE and CE were similar. DPPH radical scavenging activity of BE was significantly higher than that of CE (40.78 vs. 35.35). Interestingly, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity of whole egg and egg yolk in BE (19.27 and 36.06) was significantly higher than that of whole egg and egg yolk in CE (13.95 and 32.46). This result indicated that BE could potentially be used as a functional food material. Further studies are required to evaluate the specific compounds that affect functional activity.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.25 no.B
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• pp.37-46
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• 2005

From 2000 to 2004, the research was carried out at Naerin-cheon and Inbook-cheon, the upper streams of Soyang Lake, to study the relationship between precipitation and eutrophication-causing water pollutants, BOD, T-N and T-P. During the five years, the amount of flowing water was measured, and the water quantity was examined under different precipitation levels. From the observation, outflow patterns of the water pollutants and changes in the water quality factors at the time of rainfall were clarified. In addition, estimation of the unit load was made for each stream; for Naerin-cheon at the time of rainfall, we estimated BOD to be $1,112kg/km^2/year$, T-N to be $2,077kg/km^2/year$, and T-P to be $223kg/km^2/year$; for Inbook-cheon at the time of rainfall, we estimated BOD to be $1,229kg/km^2/year$, T-N to be $1,565kg/km^2/year$, and T-P to be $255kg/km^2/year$. For the time of no rainfall different estimation was made; for Naerin-cheon, we estimated BOD to be $2,403g/km^2/day$, T-N to be $5,004g/km^2/day$, and T-P to be $53g/km^2/day$; and for Inbook-cheon, we estimated BOD to be $1,550g/km^2/day$, T-N to be $2,283g/km^2/day$, and T-P to be $42g/km^2/day$.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.880-891
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was (1)to undertake a survey to identify the profile of inactive nurses, who account for 42.2% of the 130,000 RN(Registered Nurses) in Korea, (2)to identify factors related to the inactivation of these nurses, (3)to identify reasons behind the high turnover rate of nurses, and (4)to delineate measures for inactive nurses to participate in professional nursing activities so as to upgrade the quality of the health care delivery system in Korea. For these purposes, this study surveyed existing literature on the turnover of nurses and, used the nominal group technique of action research, to collect ideas from hospital/nurse administrators, inactive nurses, nurses on the job, graduate students in nursing, part-time nurses, patients, and their families to formulate strategies to mobilize inactive nurses. The findings are as follows : Frist, institutional supports should be provided to mobilize inactive nurses. To be more specific : (1) A data-base needs be created at the Korean Nurses Association to link inactive nurses with jobs available. (2) Retraining programs need be established to equip inactive nurses for new jobs. (3) Comprehensive information related to employment needs should be made available. Second, a conducive environment needs to be created to draw in inactive nurses to the job market. To be more specific : (1) A system of part-time work needs to be introduced in hospitals. (2) Nurse-specialists need to be promoted. (3) Potential jobs need to be created. (4) Working environment and terms and conditions for nurses need to be improved. (5) Competent nurses need to be secured in the health care delivery system. To achieve the goals presented above, this paper presented 55 specific strategies that may help mitigate the turnover rate of nurses and, in turn, help make the Korean Nurses Association effective in implementing its policies.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 1998

The ultimate goal of national health promotion services is the improvement of quality of life and health longevity through the implementation of health promotion services. The approach strategy for national health promotion summariged as follows: 1) A model for health promotion should be developed by the level of government. 2) Roles and functions between central government and autonomous local governments should be defined to carry out the health promotion services effectively. 3) New manpower for health promotion such as health educator should be trained and activated at hospitals, health centers, industries, school, and related community agencies. 4) School health education should be strengthened in order to teach: various health subject(smoking & alcohol, drug abuse, accident and safe, nutrition, environmental pollution and preservation, population & family planning, personnel hygiene, physical growth, stress, sex education, communicable disease, physical exercise etc) students through appointing health teachers at school base. 5) Health promotion services in industries should be activated using manpower such as health educator, exercise instructor, dietist and counsellor, 6) Health promotion services for the elderly should be activated. 7) Health screening services in the medical insurance and his/her family should be activated for health promotion services. 8) Health education material development center for health promotion should be established and the materials should be made to distribute to related groups, agencies and institutions (health conte.5, hospitals, schools, pharmacies, industries etc). 9) The pilot health promotion center in each automous local governments(large cities, provinces, Guns and Gu level) should be established and operated for community people. 10) The mass media such as TV, radio, newspapers and magazines should be used effectively. 11) Periodic evaluation of health promotion services should be carried out in order to help effective and successful planning for community health promotion in the future.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.59-71
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• 1996

Today, quality management is appearing as a critical issue in the field of health care service, partly because of increasing cost of health care. And qualified health care is also accepted as the right of clients, and the responsibility of health professions. So nursing profession can survive and develop only through the quality management of nursing practice like other health professions. Recently, Consumers of nursing service require the effectiveness and the efficiency of nursing practice. Effectiveness and efficiency of nursing practice can be accomplished by outcome evaluation. The focus of outcome evaluation in nurisng practice is on the change which occures in patient's health status with nurisng intervention. Evaluation of outcome is difficult because of some related problems which should be solved, or managed. These problems could be classified as problems of measurement, and attribution. To solve the problems and to evaluate the outcome in nursing practice more accurately, following tasks were suggested. 1) Outcome indicators, and outcome measurement tools should be developed. For these purpose, outcome variables that nursing interventions can contribute primarily should be found out. Also, outcome variables which are driven from nursing theories should be developed. 2) Outcome researches which can explain the effect of nursing care to patient outcomes should be performed. The outcome researches are the methods which can increase the power of nursing profession. 3) Models which can be used for the systematic and scientific quality management in nursing practice should be developed. The models should include outcome variables, and be able to explain the relationship between structure, process, and outcome aspects of quality management. 4) The method which can make patients participate in the evaluation process of quality of nursing practice should be devised. Because outcome evaluation is client-focused evaluation, the perspectives of patients should be emphasized, and reflected in the process of evaluation.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.51
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• pp.213-239
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• 2011

This article examines two important issues of the demand for payment by the beneficiary and the payment by the guarantor to the beneficiary under the revised Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantee (URDG) published by ICC, which are called URDG 758 and effected on July 1, 2010. Here, after first briefly defining the concept and nature of the demand for payment, this article discusses various issues surrounding the demand: By whom, where and how the demand has to be made; which documents are required in demanding the payment; how much amount can be demanded and paid; when and where the payment has to be made and which currency has to be used for the payment. The demand for payment has to be made by the beneficiary to the guarantor on or before expiry of the guarantee at the place of issuance of the guarantee unless any other place is specified in the guarantee. The demand has to be made in paper form unless the guarantee requires an electronic form. Unless otherwise expressly stipulated in the guarantee, the demand must be supported by a statement by the beneficiary indicating the applicant is in breach of the underlying contract. Also the demand must identify the guarantee under which it is made, and the time for examination by the guarantor starts on the date of identification. The demand cannot be for more than the amount available under the guarantee. When the demand is complying the guarantor must pay the amount demanded. The payment has to be made at the branch or office of the guarantor that issued the guarantee unless any other place is indicated in the guarantee. The payment has to be made in the currency specified in the guarantee, unless the guarantor is unable to make payment in that currency due to an impediment beyond its control or any illegality under the law of the place for payment. In case of "extend or pay" or "pay or extend" demands, the demand is deemed to be withdrawn if the extension is granted. But if not, the demand has to be paid without any further demand by the beneficiary.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.209-236
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• 2013

The concept of expectation rights considers 'the expectation' that the patient should be given proper medical treatment as the benefit and protection of the law, so it would be the benefit and protection of the law due to personal rights different from 'the legal principle that has the possibility to a considerable extent' being in an extension of life and body. However, the problem how the patient's expectation of medical service sets up in order to make it the benefit and protection of the law would be still left in the vague concept of the patient's 'expectation', thus, in the first place, the medical practice following formed medical standard in every particular medical institutes should be the standard because these medical services are normally within a range of the patients' expectations. In addition, it should be naturally constituted as mental profit to get the subjective circumstances such as 'the patient's expectation' to be an object, and also, different from the profit and protection of the law such as life and body that should be absolutely protected, the origin of violation behavior should be regarded simultaneously to define the denotation of expectation rights. Therefore, the expectation rights violations would be problematic in case it fails to reach the medical standard that is expected for common doctors to practice properly. This is the concept of expectation rights that gets subjective matters such as the patient's expectation to be objectivity as medical practices that can be expected by generalized abstract doctors. This standard should be defined as the minimum standard that is naturally expected for doctors to practice, different from medical standard that decides the level of doctors.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.23 no.2 s.41
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• pp.165-177
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• 1993

Upper canine is important because it protects and maintains the stability of the dental arch and also, joins the anterior with the posterior teeth. The incidence of impaction of upper canine is the second most frequent next to the third molar because it takes a long period of time to develop, and has a complicated path of eruption, and erupts lately. After the age of 10, clinical and radioglaphic examination can be used in revealing the possibility of impaction and efforts should be put to reduce the side effects. To prevent impaction, selective extraction of primary canine at the age of 8 to 9 could be considered and prolonged retention of primary canine in oral cavity should be avoided at this time. Once the impaction is iden, the first stage of the treatment is to lcocalize the lesion by radiographic examination and According to the severity, orthodontic traction or autotransplantation should be considered and comprehensive diagnosis and treatment plan of malocclusion should be established. Generally, labial impaction is due to arch length discrepancy and palatal impaction is due to malposition or morphologic pathosis of lateral incisors rather than arch length discrepancy. In surgical procedure, peridontal problems should be considered and the minimum amount of bone and soft tissue should be reduced and direct bonding method of many attachment methods should be recommended. Especially in traction of labially impacted canine, it should be guided to erupt through the keratinized zone and proper forced magnitude should be applied. The importance of periodontal condition should always be in mind following the patient education to mintain the good oral hygiene at each stage of treatment. Properly managed impacted canine can provide function and esthetic by proper diagnosis and treatment if extraction of canine is not indicated.