• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the amount of manure production from Holstein dairy cattle raised in bedded pack barn and the appropriate bedding material removal time. Total six heads of dairy cows (about 715 kg weight) were raised in three pens (two heads per pen) for 62 days. Average daily production of manure containing sawdust bedding was 21.2 kg per head and that of manure excluding bedding was 18.7 kg. Moisture content of bedding materials were significantly increased up to 86% of water holding capacity (WHC) of sawdust during the first 30 days. It kept very stable level after 30 to 50 days. Theoretically, 30 days after adding fresh bedding seems to be proper removal time only based on WHC. On the other hand, from a practical perspective, maximum 50 days after adding new bedding would be fine by comprehensively considering various factors such as bedding material purchasing cost, feeding environment and manure treatment.

• 대한임베디드공학회논문지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2016

Recently, the u-IT applications for plants and livestock become larger and control of livestock farm environment has been used important in the field of industry. We implemented wireless sensor networks and farm environment automatic control system for applying to the breeding barn environment by calculating the THI index. First, we gathered environmental information like livestock object temperature, heart rate and momentum. And we also collected the farm environment data including temperature, humidity and illuminance for calculating the THI index. Then we provide accurate control action roof open and electric fan in of intelligent farm to keep the best state automatically by using collected data. We believed this technology can improve industrial competitiveness through the u-IT based smart integrated management system introduction for industry aversion and dairy industries labor shortages due to hard work and old ageing.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2017

본 연구는 2012년부터 2014년까지의 번식기 동안 광주광역시에서 제비의 영소지 선택과 번식생태를 파악하기 위하여 이루어졌다. 모든 둥지는 건물의 수직 벽과 지붕에 붙어 있었으며, 둥지의 외측 직경은 $18.2{\pm}3.2cm$, 깊이는 $9.8{\pm}3.1cm$, 둥지 내측 직경은 $11.2{\pm}1.5cm$, 내측 깊이는 $3.4{\pm}0.5cm$로 지면에서 평균 $2.9{\pm}0.3m$ 높이에 위치하였다. 번식 둥지는 시멘트 벽(44.9%), 목재(23.1%), 벽돌(21.8%), 전등(6.4%)에 부착되어 있었다. 한배 산란수는 2~5개 범위로 평균 4.5개이었다. 평균 알 장경은 $18.23{\pm}0.73mm$, 단경은 $13.11{\pm}0.25mm$, 알 부피는 $1.60{\pm}0.11cm^3$, 알 형태지수는 $1.39{\pm}0.05$, 알 무게는 $1.69{\pm}0.15g$이었다. 부화 및 이소 성공률은 각각 89.1%와 84.5%이었다. 번식 실패의 주요 원인은 미수정란과 포식, 둥지훼손, 번식포기로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은 제비의 서식지 보존 및 종 관리에 필요한 자료로 널리 활용될 것이라 판단된다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2009

악취에 대한 민원이 많이 증가함에 따라 양돈장의 악취 발생에 대한 기초자료를 얻고자 2008년 6월에서 11월까지 2개의 양돈장(수원시, 화성시 소재)을 선정하여 임신돈사와 부지경계에서 발생하는 악취를 조사하였다. 수원시 소재 A농장의 부지경계에서 암모니아 발생농도는 평균 0.9 ppm 였으나, 조사기간 중 부분적으로 기준치 1 ppm을 초과하였다. 황화수소와 메틸머캅탄은 각각 0.37 ppb, 0.01 ppb로 기준치인 20 ppb와 2 ppb 이하로 조사되었다. 돈사의 암모니아 평균 농도는 3.22 ppm 였고 5 ppm 이하로 유지되다가 돈사가 밀폐되는 11월부터는 증가하기 시작되었다. 황화수소와 메틸머캅탄은 기준치 이하로 나타났다. 화성시 소재 B농장은 임신돈사내 암모니아 평균농도는 16.3 ppm 였고, 10월 이후부터 밀폐상태가 높아짐에 따라 급격히 증가되었다. 황화수소와 메틸머캅탄은 각각 26.66 ppb, 7.45 ppb로 높았다. 이와 같은 원인은 환기불량과 사육환경이 열악하여 돈사내 암모니아 발생농도가 높았으며 돈사외부로 배출된 암모니아와 돈사 옆에 있는 퇴비장에서 발생되는 악취가 혼합되어 부지 경계에서 암모니아 발생농도가 높은 것으로 나타나 돈사의 사육환경 개선과 신속한 분뇨처리 및 미생물제제의 올바른 사용이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.230-238
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• 2011

Effects of cooling and supplemental recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on hemato-biochemical characteristics were studied at different stages of lactation of crossbred Holstein Friesian cows in a tropical environment. Ten primiparous cows were divided into two groups of five animals each. The first group was housed as the non-cooled animals in an open-sided barn with a tiled roof in a normal shaded house (NS), while the second group was housed as cooled cows in an open-sided barn with a tiled roof under misty fan cooling (MFC). Three injections with rbST (500 mg per dose) at each stage of lactation (early, mid and late lactation) significantly increased total milk yield as compared with pretreatment in both cooled and non-cooled cows. Milk fat was significantly increased, while total solids, solid not fat, milk protein and lactose were not affected by the rbST treatment. Hematological parameters, plasma proteins, albumin, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), plasma inorganic phosphate and the activities of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were not affected by supplemental rbST in cooled and non-cooled cows. Supplementation of rbST caused a significant decrease in plasma urea concentration, while plasma FFA concentrations significantly increased in both cooled and non-cooled cows. The results of the present study suggest that exogenous rbST is efficacious in increasing milk yield without adverse effects on lactating crossbred Holstein cows in a tropical environment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.748-754
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• 2018

Objective: The preference evaluation of cattle is an important factor for estimation and improvement of the grazing amounts of newly introduced or bred grasses or cultivars in barn. This study was performed to assess the grazing behavior (the amount of grazing and/or the grazing speed) of cattle as indirect method using newly bred Brachiaria ruziziensis tetraploid strain 'OKI-1'(BR) hay as treatment group and Cloris gayana 'Callide' (CG) hay as control group. It also compared the feasibility of using behavioral differences between two groups as one criteria for evaluating preference by Japanese black cattle in barn. Methods: Three experiments were carried out using 12 growing Japanese Black cattle including 6 males and 6 females. In each experiment, the four Japanese Black cattle (2 males and 2 females) were placed in separated stall and allowed to graze BR and CG in manger that was separated into two portions for about 30 min. The position and behavior of the cattle were recorded, and weighed the residual of each gay at 15 and 30 minutes after experiment start. Results: The BR was superior to CG in chemical composition such as protein, fibers and non-fibrous carbohydrate. The cattle, over all, tended to prefer BR over CG in the first half 15 minutes in terms of the time spent and amount of grazing. Additionally, growing cattle exhibited neophilia for BR bred newly. Conclusion: These findings indicated the current approach could be applied for one of criteria to evaluate the preference of hay by Japanese black cattle under indoor housing environment.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.697-704
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• 2015

This study was carried out to assess bioenergy conversion efficiency by biogas and solid fuel production in the cattle feedlot manure discharged from beef cattle barn. Feedlot manure was sampled from the cattle farmhouse located in Yong-in, Gyeonggi during the mid-fattening stage, periodically. The chemical characteristics, BMP (Biochemical methane potential) and HV (Heating values) of feedlot cattle manures were analyzed. Total solid contents of cattle feedlot manure were in the range of 29.98~44.28%, and volatile solid contents were in the range of 23.53~24.47%. In the anaerobic digestion of cattle feedlot manure, the methane production potential has increased from 0.141 to $0.187Nm^3kg^{-1}-VS_{added}$. The methane production of fresh cattle feedlot manure showed the range $0.141{\sim}0.187Nm^3kg^{-1}$-Manure (average $0.047Nm^3kg^{-1}$-Manure), the LHVs (lower heating values) of the produced methane were in the range of $316{\sim}560kcalkg^{-1}$-Manure (average $400kcalkg^{-1}$-Manure). In the direct combustion of fresh cattle feedlot manure, the LHVs were measured in the range of $747{\sim}1,271kcalkg^{-1}$-Manure (average $916kcalkg^{-1}$-Manure), and LHVs of solid fuel which have the water content of 20% were in the range of $2,694{\sim}2,876kcalkg^{-1}$-Manure (average $2,791kcalkg^{-1}$-Manure). Then, the drying energy of average $443kcalkg^{-1}$-Manure was consumed in the production of solid fuel which has a water content of 20%. Therefore, the direct combustion of cattle feedlot manure showed about 2.3 times higher LHV than the LHV of methane produced by anaerobic digestion. And LHV of solid fuel was about 6.0 times higher than the LHV of methane produced by anaerobic digestion. Then, the production of solid fuel presented more bioenergy conversion efficiency than the biogas production in the bioenergy use of cattle feedlot manure.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.244-254
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• 2010

The trend toward intensification of livestock raising, confinement in barn has increased in recent days. The move toward concentrated animal feeding operations reduces per unit costs and permits farmers to better earnings in spite of fluctuation in hog prices. However, this also results in outbreaks of a lot of animal wastes and odorous compounds. Emissions of these malodorous compounds produced from concentrated animal feeding operations have become a concern for both public and regulatory agencies and are causing the complaints of residents in rural area. For competitive sustainable swine production industry, odor management plans systematically identify potential odor sources, determine control strategies to reduce these odors, and establish criteria for implementing these strategies. Since, the malodor originates from microbial activities involving a variety of microbes, understanding the characteristics of the microflora present in swine manure is essential for developing effective odor control techniques. This paper reviews the available information in the literature related to the types of bacteria in swine manure, the potential odorous compounds associated with different bacterial genera, and the corresponding techniques used to control odor based on microbiological principles.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제49권9호
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• pp.314-321
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• 2012

축산생육환경에서 다양한 경로로부터 발생하는 유해가스는 가축 및 농가작업자에게 직/간접 적으로 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 점차적인 사육조밀화와 동절기 밀폐환경에 장기간 노출 시 치명적일 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 가축분뇨로부터 발생하는 암모니아, 황화수소, 휘발성유기화합물 가스 등을 모니터링하기 위해 무선가스센서노드와 퍼지 최소-최대 신경회로망을 이용한 가스인식 소프트웨어로 이루어진 가스측정시스템을 제안한다. 제안한 시스템의 성능을 평가하기 위해 가스측정실험환경을 구축하여 제작한 무선가스센서노드로 가스측정실험을 수행하고, 개발한 가스인식 소프트웨어로 대상가스 분류시험을 통해 성능을 입증한다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권10호
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• pp.36.1-36.5
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• 2016

Background: Liquid feeding system has been introduced to domestic swine farms, but negative cognition about liquid feeding system has been remained for feed waste decay related with poor management and microbial contamination. For these reasons, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding method in lactating sows. Methods: A total of 30 mixed-parity (average 4.13) lactating sows (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) with an initial BW of $218.8{\pm}19.5kg$ was used in a 3 week trial. Sows were allotted to 1 of 2 treatments in a completely randomized design by their body weight, backfat thickness, parity and alive litter weight. One of treatments was dry feeding and the other was liquid feeding (water to feed ratio, 1:1). Experimental diets contained 3265 kcal ME/kg, 12.6 % CP, 5.76 % EE, 1.09 % total lysine, 0.25 % total methionine, as fed basis. Results: Dry feeding treatment had high body weight loss rather than liquid feeding treatment (P = 0.04). Dry feeding treatment had tendency to increase litter weight at 21d of lactation (P = 0.06) and litter weight gain (P = 0.04) during lactation period (0-3 week). Sows fed dry feeding method made milk containing high content of casein and total solid rather than sows fed liquid feeding method (P = 0.04). In addition, dry feeding treatment had tendency to higher content of milk fat, protein and solid not fat on 21d of lactation (P = 0.07). Sows fed dry feeding type also showed higher milk energy content in milk of 21d lactation (P = 0.05). Furthermore, liquid feeding treatment showed high occurrence in feed waste during lactation period (P <0.01). Conclusion: Dry feeding method was more suitable feeding method to lactating sows under high temperature environment like lactating barn.