• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2011

COMS(Chollian) satellite which was launched on June 26, 2010 has three payloads for Ka-band communications, geostationary ocean color imaging and meteorological imaging. In order to make efficient use of the geostationary satellite, a concept of mission operations has been considered from the beginning of the satellite ground control system development. COMS satellite mission operations are classified by daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal operations. Daily satellite operations include mission planning, command planning and transmission, telemetry processing and analysis, ranging and orbit determination, ephemeris and event prediction, and wheel off-loading set point parameter calculation. As a weekly operation, North-South station keeping maneuver and East-West station keeping maneuver should be performed on Tuesday and Thursday, respectively. Spacecraft oscillator updating parameter should be calculated and uploaded once a month. Eclipse operations should be performed during a vernal equinox and autumnal equinox season. In this paper, operational validations of the major functions in COMS SGCS are presented for the first three month of in-orbit test operations. All of the major functions have been successfully verified and the COMS SGCS will be used for the mission operations of the COMS satellite for 7 years of mission life time and even more.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.472-478
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• 2001

Objectives : The authors present a retrospective analysis of 100 consecutive adult patients harboring craniopharyngiomas who underwent microsurgical resection between 1981 and 1999 to assess the long-term outcome of surgical treatment and to determine the most optimal management strategy. Methods : The extent of surgical removal was divided into four categories ; GTR(gross total removal), RSTR(radical subtotal removal), STR(subtotal removal),and PR(partial removal). The median follow-up period was 50 months(4-198). CT scan and/or MR imaging and hormonal status were evaluated to the last follow-up. Results : Visual disturbance was the most common presentation, which was improved in 42 cases and aggravated in 19 cases following the operation. Hypopituitarism was detected in 56 patients preoperatively, 82 during the immediate postoperative period, and 76 at the last follow-up. Improvement of pituitary function was not observed in any of these patients. Twenty of 100 patients showed recurrence at the mean of 27 months(3 to 196). The median progression-free survival(PFS) time of all patients was 145 months and 5-year PFS rate was 74%. Five-year PFS rate of GTR or RSTR group(71%) was significantly higher than that of STR or PR group(30%)(p=0.01). Postoperative radiation therapy significantly prolonged the PFS from 94 months in non-radiation group to 182 months(p=0.002). However, there was no statistical difference in number of patients who required hormonal replacement therapy between radiation and non-radiation group. Conclusion : Visual disturbance can be improved by early diagnosis and surgical decompression. GTR or RSTR in selected patients is considered a proper surgical strategy. Post-operative radiation therapy for residual tumors must be considered, although the ideal timing of radiation therapy is to be determined.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.78-89
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to build fundamental data for the classification of landscape type as a base for landscape planning and management practices. To do this, prior dissertations and landscape plan reports were analyzed, which presented the classification criteria for landscape type. Based on this, classification criteria for landscape type which could be usable in zoning ordinances has been suggested. The result is as follows: Firstly, in landscape analysis and assessment study based on ecological and formal aesthetic models, landscape type is classified by the character of the landscape element. Secondly, there is no logical classification of landscapetype in urban landscape planning according to mixed use of landscape type for analysis and planning. It is therefore difficult to identify the object of landscape planning, which is intimately linked with the shortage of concrete practice for landscape management. In connection with this issue, classification criteria for landscape type are suggested based on utility in landscape planning. This could be divided into internal criteria and external criteria. The former are land-use, topographical characteristics, characteristics of the view object, and landscape elements while the latter are viewpoint, distance to view object, and urban form. Applying the landscape type classified by the criteria suggested in this paper, it is possible to manage an entire urban area. In addition, landscape type could be reference data for operating a zoning system.

• Atmosphere
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.191-202
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• 2005

This study was conducted to estimate how vertically high and horizontally long a sea breeze occurred around Gangneung of the Korean peninsula would be reached to an inland. Geographically, gangneung is located on the center of the east coast shaping an arc, and a coastal line around gangneung has a form extending northwestward and southeastward, respectively. Therefore, an inflow of the northerly has similar effects of the sea breeze since a deep valley of Daegwallyeong, which is one of main ridges of the Taebaek mountains, not only reaches northeastward up to this region but also plays the part of the steering gear changing a wind direction from northerly to easterly, this is, the wind from sea. First of all, the study had defined the sea breeze as a wind blown from NNE to ESE, clockwise. And then, we analyzed characteristics of the sea breeze occurred around gangneung in view of the maximum wind speed and the wind direction for October 1st, 2003 through September 30th, 2004, the upper air database for May through June of 2004, and the wind vector database of AWS (Automatic Weather System). All meteorological information is collected at the weather station of gangneung and by the AWS which is being scattered around this region. Finally, the study figures out that how horizontally long a sea breeze would be reached depends on a level of the easterly inflow. At the first step of the inflow of the sea breeze, the wind from NNW blows into this region by keeping up the speed $3m{\cdot}s^{-1}$, and effects of the northerly are dominated with time and the wind at the inland blows out southwestward cause of the surface friction at the next step. On the other hand, there is no change of wind direction in the inflow at Daegwallyeong because a surface friction of there is smaller than around gangneung, relatively. In other word, the easterly blows toward Daegwallyeong. However, the wind speed is not higher than that of the coast around gangneung.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2011

The analysis of optimal infiltration path is one of the representative fields in which the GIS technology can be useful for the military purpose. Usually the analysis of the optimal path is done with network data. However, for military purpose, it often needs to be done with raster data. Because raster data needs far more computation than network data, it is difficult to apply the methods usually used in network data, such as Dijkstra algorithm. The genetic algorithm, which has shown great outcomes in optimization problems, was applied. It was used to minimize the detection probability of infiltration route. 2D binary array genes and its crossover and mutation were suggested to solve this problem with raster data. 30 tests were performed for each population size, 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000. With each generation, more adoptable routes survived and made their children routes. Results indicate that as the generations increased, average detection probability decreased and the routes converged to the optimal path. Also, as the population size increases, more optimal routes were found. The suggested genetic algorithm successfully finds the optimal infiltration route, and it shows better performance with larger population.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 2011

Noroviruses (noroV) are the major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Since noroV cannot yet be cultured in vitro and their diagnosis by electron microscopy requires at least $10^6$ viral particles/g of stool a variety of molecular detection techniques represent an important step towards the detection of noroV. In the present study, we have applied real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (real-time NASBA) for simultaneous detection of NoroV genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII) using standard viral RNA. For real-time NASBA assay which can detected noroV GI and GII, a selective region of the genes encoding the capsid protein was used to design primers and genotype-specific molecular beacon probes. The specificity of the real-time NASBA using newly designed primers and probes were confirmed using standard viral RNA of noroV GI and GII. To determine the sensitivity of this assay, serial 10-fold dilutions of standard viral RNA of noroV GI and GII were used for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time NASBA. The results showed that while agarose gel electrophoresis could detect RT-PCR products with 10 pg of standard viral RNA, the real-time NASBA assay could detect 100 fg of standard viral RNA. These results suggested that the real-time NASBA assay has much higher sensitivity than conventional RT-PCR assay. This assay was expected that might detect the viral RNA in the specimens which could have been false negative by RT-PCR. There were needed to perform real-time NASBA with clinical specimens for evaluating accurate sensitivity and specificity of this assay.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 2004

Expression of an anionic peroxidase swpa2 gene isolated from cultured cells of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) was investigated under various stress conditions by RT-PCR. The swpa2 gene was not expressed in any tissues of intact sweetpotato plant grown at the normal condition. The expression of this gene was strongly induced in leaf tissue by treatment of $H_2O$$_2$ (440mM). Treatment of NaCl (100mM), ABA (0.1mM) and methyl jasmonate(MeJA, 0.1mM) also induced the expression of swpa2 gene. Interestingly, salicylic acid (SA, 0.1 mM) did not induce the expression of swpa2 gene, indicating that anionic swpa2 POD is differently involved in SA and MeJA signaling pathways. In addition, swpa2 gene was strongly induced in sweetpoato leaf tissues infected with Pectobacterium chrysanthemi, indicating that swpa2 is involved in defense related to the pathogenesis of P. chrysanthemi in sweetpotato plants. These results strongly suggest that swpa2 gene is involved in overcoming oxidative stresses caused by both abiotic and biotic stress.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.104-110
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• 2013

Background: We reviewed the long-term outcomes of aortic root replacement at Asan Medical Center and investigated the predictors affecting mortality. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 225 consecutive adult patients undergoing aortic root replacement with mechanical conduits (n=169), porcine aortic root prosthesis (n=23), or aortic homografts (n=33) from January 1992 to September 2009. The median follow-up duration was 6.1 years (range, 0 to 18.0 years). Results: The porcine root group was older than the other groups (freestyle $55.9{\pm}14.3$ years vs. mechanical $46.3{\pm}14.6$ years, homograft $48.1{\pm}14.7$ years; p=0.02). The mechanical group had the highest incidence of the Marfan syndrome (mechanical 22%, freestyle 4%, homograft 3%; p=0.01). Surgery performed for infective endocarditis was more frequent in the homograft group (mechanical 10%, freestyle 10%, homograft 40%; p<0.001). The overall 30-day mortality was 5.3% (12/225). Actuarial survival rates in the mechanical, porcine root, and homograft groups were 79.4%, 81.5%, and 83.5% at 5 years and 67%, 61.9%, and 61.1% at 10 years, respectively (p=0.73). By multivariate analysis, preoperative diabetes mellitus, older age, and longer cardiopulmonary bypass time were independent predictors of mortality. Incidence of postoperative complications, including infective endocarditis and thromboembolism were comparable in all of the groups. Conclusion: Aortic root replacement can be safely performed with different types of prostheses as the outcome was not affected by the choice of prosthesis. Further studies are required to assess the long-term durability of biological prostheses.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.47-62
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• 2010

Objectives: Colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by colonic mucosal inflammation and chronic relapsing events represents. The purpose of this study is to evaluate effects of pharmacopuncture of anti-inflammatory herbal compound (AiC) applied to the different acupoints in the acute colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) intracolonic injection in rats. Methods: In Male Sprague - Dawley rats, weighing 250~400g, TNBS (5 mg/kg) was infused intrarectally through a silicon rubber catheter into the anus under isoflurane anaesthesia. Acupoints of LI4 (Hapkok), ST25 (Cheonchu), ST36 (Joksamni), and BL25 (Daejangsu) were intramuscularly injected by AiC, respectively (injection volume & times: 0.2 ml / acupoint, twice times on the 2nd & 3rd day). Expressions of cFos protein in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), nucleus of solitary tract (Sol), and the 6th lumbar spinal cord (L6 s.c.) were observed at 24 hr after TNBS induced colitis by immunohistochemistry. Results: The expression of c-Fos protein in the L6 s.c., Sol, LC and PAG increased 24 hr after TNBS injection into colorectum as compared to normal and 50% ethanol treated group. AiC to LI4 inhibited the expression of c-Fos protein in Sol and PAG but not L6 s.c. and LC. AiC to ST36 showed significant inhibition the c-Fos expression in L6 s.c., Sol and PAG. AiC to ST25 only showed the effects in L6 s.c. and PAG. AiC to BL25 inhibited significantly the expression of c-Fos protein all over the areas. To investigate whether or not endogenous opioids are involved, intrathecal injection of naltrexone (30ug/30ul) was applied before the 2nd pharmacopuncture treatment 24 hr after TNBS-induced colitis in rat. Naltrexone reversed the inhibition of c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord and brainstem. Conclusions: These data show that pharmacopuncture of Aic potently inhibits signal pathways ascending hypersensitivity of colorectum after TNBS induced colitis and depends on the endogenous opioids according to acupoints.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 1999

Purpose : The aim of this study is to conform the possibility of the liquid type EPID as a QC tools to clinical indication and of replacement of the film dosimetry. Aditional aim is to describe a procedure for the use of a EPID as a physics calibration tool in the measurements of radiation beam parameters which are typically carried out with film. Method & Materials : In this study we used the Clinac 2100c/d with EPID. This system contains 65536 liquid-filled ion chambers arranged in a $256{\times}256$ matrix and the imaging area is $32.5{\times}32.5cm$ with liquid layer thickness of 1mm. The EPID was tested for different field sizes under typical clinical conditions and pixel values were calibrated against dose by producing images using various thickness of lead attenuators(lead step wedge) using 6 & 10MV x-ray. We placed various thickness of lead on the table of linear accelerator and set the portal vision an SDD of 100cm. To acquire portal image we change the field size and energy, and we recorded the average pixel value in a $3{\times}3$ pixel region of interest(ROI) at field center was recorded. The pixel values were also measured for different field sizes in order to evaluate the dependence of pixel value on x-ray energy spectrum and various scatter components. Result : The EPID, as a whole, was useful as a QA tool and dosimetry device. In mechanical check, cross-hair centering was well matched and the error was less than ?2mm and light/radiation field coincidence was less than 1mm also. In portal dosimetry the wider the field size the the higher the pixel value and as the lead thickness increase, the pixel value was exponentially decreased. Conclusions : The EPID was very suitable for QA tools and it can be used to measure exit dose during patients treatment with reasonable accuracy. But when indicate the EPID to clincal study deep consideration required