• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.837-850
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• 2013

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a major pathogen of cattle, is a well-characterized pestivirus which has been used as a good model virus for HCV. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) plays a key role in the RNA replication process, thus it has been targeted for antivirus drugs. We employed two-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (2D-QSAR) and molecular field analysis (MFA) to identify the molecular substructure requirements, and the particular characteristics resulted in increased inhibitory activity for the known series of compounds to act as effective BVDV inhibitors. The 2D-QSAR study provided the rationale concept for changes in the structure to have more potent analogs focused on the class of arylazoenamines, benzimidazoles, and acridine derivatives with an optimal subset of descriptors, which have significantly contributed to overall anti-BVDV activity. MFA represented the molecular patterns responsible for the actions of antiviral compound at their receptors. We conclude that the polarity and the polarizability of a molecule play a main role in the inhibitory activity of BVDV inhibitors in the QSAR modeling.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.582-585
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• 2009

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically important worldwide disease in livestock industry. In this study, the occurrence of BVDV in Korean indigenous cattle was performed by RT-PCR using nasal swab. Twelve of 21 cattle were identified as BVDV positive and classified as persistently infected (PI). These animals showed the occurrence of diseases such as diarrhea and pneumonia. BVDV PI outbreaks were found mostly in PI calves. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) showed that our case belonged to BVDV-2a. These results suggested that the nasal swab sampling was available method for the detection of PI animals, underscoring the need for BVDV control strategies in Korean indigenous cattle.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2013

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important disease viruses in cattle that can cause severe economical losses due to decreased fertility, abortion, diarrhea, and respiratory symptoms. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate prevalence of BVDV infection (Transiently infection, Persistently infection) in dairy cattle in Gyeongnam southern area, Korea and use this data as the basis for establishing an eradication program and policy. A total of 44 bulk-tank milk samples (farms) collected in milk collecting center were tested for BVDV antibody using an ELISA. As the result, out of a total of 44 bulk-tank milk samples (farms), 38 (86.4%) samples were BVDV antibody positive. Blood samples (17 farms, n=543) were collected from BVDV antibody positive farms in bulk-tank milk, tested for BVDV antigen with ELISA and PCR. BVDV infected farms were 47% (8/17) and BVDV infected head were 2.2% (12/543). Persistently infected cattle (PI) were detected at 6 (35.3%) farms out of 17 farms and a total of 6 (1.1%) out of 543 head of cattle were identified as PI. The seropositive of BVDV antibody at farms and head were 100% (17/17) and 49.45% (91/184), respectively. The seroprevalence of BVDV antibody in PI infected farms (67.35%) much higher than that of BVDV antibody in transiently infected cattle (TI) infected farms (45%) and uninfected farms (34.48%). For eradication of BVDV infection in cattle populations, First of all, we should remove PI and need vaccination.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.150-153
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in Chonbuk province. Blood samples were taken from 92 korean calves to determined their serological status against BVDV, Capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to test for antigen. The number of seropositive calves ranged from 3.3% to 12.9%. Antigens against BVDV were detected in 3.3% of healthy calves, 6.4% of digestive symptom calves, 12.9% of respiratory symptom calves, respectively. Sex and age of calves had no significant differences on the prevalence of BVDV. The results indicate that transmission of BVDV may have become exposed as a result of contact with acute infected or persistently infected cattle.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.339-347
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• 2012

Viral safety is an important prerequisite for clinical preparations of mammalian cell culture-derived biopharmaceuticals, because numerous adventitious viruses have been contaminated during the manufacturing process. In particular, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are highly susceptible to several RNA viruses including reovirus (Reo), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and bovine parainfluenza virus (BPIV) and there have been reports of such viral contaminations. Therefore, viral detection during the CHO cell process is necessary to ensure the safety of biopharmaceuticals against viruses. In this study, a multiplex reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay was developed and subsequently evaluated for its effectiveness as a means to simultaneously detect Reo, BVDV, and BPIV during the manufacture of cell culture-derived biopharmaceuticals. Specific primers for Reo, BVDV, and BPIV were selected, and a multiplex RT-PCR was optimized. The sensitivity of the assay for simultaneous amplification of all viral target RNAs was $7.76{\times}10^2\;TCID_{50}/ml$ for Reo, $7.44{\times}10^1\;TCID_{50}/ml$ for BVDV, and $6.75{\times}10^1\;TCID_{50}/ml$ for BPIV. The multiplex RT-PCR was proven to be very specific to Reo, BVDV, and BPIV and was subsequently applied to the validation of CHO cells artificially infected with each virus. It could detect each viral RNA from CHO cells as well as culture supernatants. Therefore, it was concluded that the multiplex RT-PCR assay can be applied to detection of the adventitious viruses during the manufacture of cell culture-derived biopharmaceuticals.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.163-167
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• 2007

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is very important disease in cattle industry with a worldwide distribution. Detection and elimination of persistently infected calves with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was valuable strategy for BVD eradication because those calves were main source for transmission. We surveyed persistent infection with BVDV by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) using whole blood and skin. Five hundred thirty nine Korean native calves were tested. Four calves (0.7%) were positive for BVDV antigen for both tests. Those calves remained positive for follow-up by RT-PCR and IHC. Therefore they were identified as persistently infected with BVDV. We confirmed that immunohistochemistry using skin biopsy samples was very useful tool to detect persistently infected calves with BVDV. As far as we know, this would be first report on persistent infection with BVDV in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.117-120
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• 2019

Bovine viral diarrhea Virus (BVDV) infections cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive problems, such as infertility, abortion, stillbirth, and sickly offspring. Many countries have reduced the economic damage through the application of different control programmes, and some have successfully eradicated BVD. Detection and elimination of cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV is important for BVD eradication because PI cattle are a main source of BVD transmission. In this study, the prevalence of Korean native cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV was investigated and determined in 49 farms with 3,050 cattle. The all samples were collected by ear notch sampling. Korean native cattle with initial positives on antigen-ELISA (Ag-ELISA) were sampled again after 3~4 weeks and cattle with second positives in both Ag-ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were identified as PI cattle. Among the 49 farms, 14 (28.6%) farms had at least more than one PI cow and 21 (0.69%) of 3,050 cattle were determined as PI cattle. As a result of this work, it is suggested that national BVD eradication program is required to reduce economic losses by BVDV infection in Korean cattle industries.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.7.1-7.5
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• 2023

Two 1-year-old Korean native steers in the same herd presented severe hemorrhagic diarrhea. Case 1 had severe dehydration and died after 3 days, whereas case 2 had anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea with mucus and blood. Only case 2 was necropsied, and bovine viral diarrhea virus-2a (BVDV2a) was detected in the tissues of its alimentary tract. Gross lesions, including erosion, ulceration, and extensive hemorrhage, were observed in the digestive tract mucosa. Immunohistochemistry revealed marked positive staining for BVDV2a antigen in the large intestine. These findings are indicative of hemorrhagic disease caused by BVDV2a in a native Korean steer.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.211-217
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to determine the cause and prevalence of bovine abortion and stillbirth in Kyungi-do area. Seventy three bovine fetuses were collected from farms and submitted to the College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University. Submitted fetuses were evaluated during a 4-month period (July to November, 1999) for pathological lesion, tissue protozoa, bacteria and viral infection. The average proportion of abortions was decreased with parity in 73 abortion heifers and cows. Monthly incidence rate of bovine abortion was not different in this study. In fetuses from 90 to 282 days gestation, the majority were between 150 and 250 days gestation(58%). The cause of abortion or stillbirth was determined in 51% of the cases examined. In 15(21%) of the fetus, neosporosis were diagnosed by pathological findings. In three (4%) additional fetuses in three additional fetuses, suspected Neosporosis by pathological lesion, and in 3 (4%) fetuses examined Neopsorosis were diagnosed in 15 feturses and in 3 fetuses, Neosporosis was suspected by pathological legions. Neosporosis / viral infection were diagnosed in three additional fetuses). Miscellaneous bacterial infection, BVDV, iatrogenic cause, Neosporosis / IBRV / BVDV, miscellaneous viral, IBRV/BVDV and others were 3(4%), 3(4%), 2(3%), 2(3%), 1(1%), 1(%) and 9(12%) respectively. The cause and incidence of bovine abortion in different area in Kyungi-do was not different in this study.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.251-264
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• 2021

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are the main viral contributors to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) with high mortality and morbidity. BRD control measures include vaccination that modulates immunological profiles reflected in blood cells, serum, and body secretions, such as milk. This study evaluated the immune responses to an inactivated BRD vaccine in lactating cows reared in a natural environment on a dairy farm. The cows were intramuscularly inoculated with the vaccine, and serum, blood, and milk were collected pre-and post-vaccination. Our study revealed a prominent increase in BRSV-specific antibodies both in serum and milk, while the change in BVDV-specific antibodies was insignificant. Serum interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels significantly decreased, but this change was not reflected in milk. Evaluation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) via RT-qPCR revealed downregulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2). The concentrations of BRSV antibodies, BVDV antibodies, IL-2, and IL-17A in serum and milk were strongly correlated, implying a concurrent influence on both body fluids. Thus, immunological factors modulated as a result of vaccination generally measured in serum were reflected in milk, demonstrating the suitability of milk evaluation as an alternative approach for immunological observations. Furthermore, the correlation between BRSV antibodies and NOD2 and that between BVDV antibodies and toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR5 imply the possible role of PRRs for the assessment of the immune response developed in immunized cows reared on the farm.