• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.146-155
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• 2017

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Crataegi Fructus water extract(CFWE) on hair growth in an alopecia model of C57BL/6N mice and human dermal papilla cells(hDPCs). Methods : Six-week old mice were depilated and separated in 3 groups ; CON, MXD(2% Minoxidil), and CFWE. The treatments were applied twice a day for 18 days. The hair growth was determined photographically. The hair density, thickness and length were identified by Folliscope and the weights of body were measured. In dorsal skin tissue, the expression of hair growth-related protein was analyzed by Western blot. In hDPCs with/without $IFN-{\gamma}$, cell proliferation and the expression of hair growth-related genes were analyzed. Results : We observed that CFWE promoted hair growth compared to CON. CFWE improved the hair density, thickness and length compared to CON. CFWE increased the $Wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling in dorsal skin. In hDPCs, CFWE accelerated the cell proliferation and inhibited $IFN-{\gamma}$-induced hDPCs degeneration. CFWE increased the mRNA expression of ${\beta}$-catenin, Axin-2, BMP-4, FGF-7, FGF-10, and ALP compared to CON and $IFN-{\gamma}$ treated cells. Conclusions : These results suggest that CFWE has a hair regrowth activity via $Wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling and can be useful for the treatment of alopecia.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.15-27
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• 2009

토지이용변화가 수질에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 비점오염모형이 광범위하게 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 최적관리기법이 수문 수질에 미치는 영향을 평가하기위한 통합모형시스템을 개발하였다. 통합모형시스템은 DANSAT (Dynamic Agricultural Non-point Source Assessment Tool)과 사용자 인터페이스로 구성되어 있다. DANSAT은 분포형 연속 강우사상 모형으로서 농업소유역에서의 유출량, 유사량, 농약 물질의 이동기작 등을 모의한다. DANSAT은 크게 동적변수 부모형, 수문 부모형, 유사 이용 부모형, 농약 물질 이동 부모형등 4개의 부모형으로 구성되어있다. 동적변수 부모형은 토양의 특성, 작물의 생장 및 작물 잔여물질의 분해 등을 모의하는 하부모형으로 구성되어있으며, 토지 이용 변화에 관계되는 내부 변수들의 시간적 변화를 모의한다. 수문 부모형은 차단, 증발산량, 침투량, 침루량 등을 모의하는 격자 단위 프로세스와 지표유출, 중간유출, 기저유출 및 하천에서의 물의 이동을 모의하는 유역 단위 프로세스로 구성되어있다. 유사 이동 부모형은 세류간 (interrill) 토양입자의 분리, 세류 (rill) 및 하천내의 토양분리, 운송가능량 등을 모의하며, 농약 물질 이동 부모형은 농약의 분해, 평형, 식물에 의한 흡수, 침출 등을 고려하여 농약 물질의 이동을 모의한다. 입력변수는 최적관리기법의 시 공간적인 변화를 고려할 수 있도록 계층구조로 구성하였다. 유역출구에서의 결과 출력 뿐만 아니라, 유역전체에 걸쳐 지표면과 지하수면 사이에서 물 및 오염물질의 이동량 분석을 위한 출력 및 격자단위의 상세 결과 출력을 통하여 최적관리기법을 평가하고 분석할 수 있다. 한편, 사용자 인터페이스는 모형의 구동을 위해 요구되는 광범위한 시 공간 입력 자료를 기존에 존재하는 데이터베이스를 이용하여 생성할 수 있도록 개발되었다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.101-101
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• 2010

Anaerobic digestion(AD) is the most promising method for treating and recycling of different organic wastes, such as organic fraction of municipal solid waste, household wastes, animal manure, agro-industrial wastes, industrial organic wastes and sewage sludge. During AD, i.e. organic materials are decomposed by anaerobic forming bacteria and fina1ly converted to excellent fertilizer and biogas which is a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane. AD has been one of the leading technologies that can make a large contribution to produce renewable energy and to reduce $CO_2$ and other green-house gas(GHG) emission, it is becoming a key method for both waste treatment and recovery of a renewable fuel and other valuable co-products. Currently some 80% of the world's overall energy supply of about 400 EJ per year in derived from fossil fuels. Nevertheless roughly 10~15% of this demand is covered by biomass resources, making biomass by far the most important renewable energy source used to date. The representative biofuels produced from the biomass are bioethanol, biodiesel and biogas, and currently biogas plays a smaller than other biofuels but steadily growing role. Traditionally anaerobic digestion applied for different biowaste e.g. sewage sludge, manure, other organic wastes treatment and stabilization, biogas has become a well established energy resource. However, the biowaste are fairly limited in respect to the production and utilization as renewable source, but the plant biomass, the so called "energy crops" are used for more biogas production in EU countries and the investigation on the biomethane potential of different crops and plant materials have been carried out. In Korea, with steadily increasing oil prices and improved environmental regulations, since 2005 anaerobic digestion was again stimulated, especially on the biogasification of different biowastes and agro-industrial biomass including "energy crops". This study have been carried out to investigate anaerobic biodegradability by the biochemical methane potential(BMP) test of animal manures, different forage crops i.e. "energy crops", plant and industrial organic wastes in the condition of thermophilic temperature, The biodegradability of animal manure were 63.2% and 58.2% with $315m^3CH_4/tonVS$ of cattle slurry and $370m^3CH_4/tonVS$ of pig slurry in ultimate methane yields. Those of winter forage crops were the range 75% to 87% with ultimate methane yield of $378m^3CH_4/tonVS$ to $450m^3CH_4/tonVS$ and those of summer forage crops were the range 81% to 85% with ultimate methane yield of $392m^3CH_4/tonVS$ to $415m^3CH_4/tonVS$. The forge crops as "energy crops" could be used as good renewable energy source to increase methane production and to improve biodegradability in co-digestion with animal manure or only energy crop digestion.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.263-271
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• 2016

Background: Bone injury is common in many clinical situations, such as surgery or trauma. During surgery, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production decreases the quality and quantity of osteoblasts. Remifentanil decreases ROS production, reducing oxidative stress and the inflammatory response. We investigated remifentanil's protective effects against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress in osteoblasts. Methods: To investigate the effect of remifentanil on human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) cells, the cells were incubated with 1 ng/ml of remifentanil for 2 h before exposure to $H_2O_2$. For induction of oxidative stress, hFOB cells were then treated with $200{\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$ for 2 h. To evaluate the effect on autophagy, a separate group of cells were incubated with 1 mM 3-methyladenine (3-MA) before treatment with remifentanil and $H_2O_2$. Cell viability and apoptotic cell death were determined via MTT assay and Hoechst staining, respectively. Mineralized matrix formation was visualized using alizarin red S staining. Western blot analysis was used to determine the expression levels of bone-related genes. Results: Cell viability and mineralized matrix formation increased on remifentanil pretreatment before exposure to $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress. As determined via western blot analysis, remifentanil pretreatment increased the expression of bone-related genes (Col I, BMP-2, osterix, and $TGF-{\beta}$). However, pretreatment with 3-MA before exposure to remifentanil and $H_2O_2$ inhibited remifentanil's protective effects on hFOB cells during oxidative stress. Conclusions: We showed that remifentanil prevents oxidative damage in hFOB cells via a mechanism that may be highly related to autophagy. Further clinical studies are required to investigate its potential as a therapeutic agent.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.933-941
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• 2021

Ginsenoside Rg4 is a rare ginsenoside that is naturally found in ginseng, and exhibits a wide range of biological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in several cell types. The purpose of this study was to use an in vivo model of hair follicle (HF)-mimic based on a human dermal papilla (DP) spheroid system prepared by three-dimensional (3D) culture and to investigate the effect of Rg4 on the hair-inductive properties of DP cells. Treatment of the DP spheroids with Rg4 (20 to 50 ㎍/ml) significantly increased the viability and size of the DP spheres in a dose-dependent manner. Rg4 also increased the mRNA and protein expression of DP signature genes that are related to hair growth including ALP, BMP2, and VCAN in the DP spheres. Analysis of the signaling molecules and luciferase reporter assays further revealed that Rg4 induces the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and the inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3β, which activates the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. These results correlated with not only the increased nuclear translocation of β-catenin following the treatment of the DP spheres with Rg4 but also the significant elevation of mRNA expression of the downstream target genes of the WNT/β-catenin pathway including WNT5A, β-catenin, and LEF1. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg4 promotes the hair-inductive properties of DP cells by activating the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway in DP spheres, suggesting that Rg4 could be a potential natural therapy for hair growth.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.29-39
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• 2017

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to promote sales of the renewable energy industry and to advance into the Southeast Asian market. Research design, data, and methodology - This study is to develop a highly efficient food waste treatment system for Southeast Asian renewable energy industry. The radiation treatment method was applied for this purpose. Results - To investigate effects of ionization on removal of non-degradable organic matter, the results from gamma irradiation and co-digestion process was compared to those from a co-digestion process. Based on the BMP test results, food wastes were oxidized by hydroxyl radicals, and the specific methane yield was 366 mL CH4/g VS. Methane composition was 82%. A WAS/food wastes co-digestion was developed for the treated of non-degradable organic matter in food wastes. The average efficiency of non-degradable organic matter were 92.2% using the food waste co-digestion. Conclusions - Performance of gamma irradiation and co-digestion process was superior to that of a co-digestion process (10-20%). This implies that food wastes can be high efficient co-digested by the gamma irradiation. It is believed that it will be possible to enter the Southeast Asian energy industry as a strategic technology in the overseas energy recovery industry.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.613-618
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Iron deficiency in early life is associated with developmental problems, which may persist until later in life. The question of whether iron repletion after developmental iron deficiency could restore iron homeostasis is not well characterized. In the present study, we investigated the changes of iron transporters after iron depletion during the gestational-neonatal period and iron repletion during the post-weaning period. MATERIALS/METHODS: Pregnant rats were provided iron-deficient (< 6 ppm Fe) or control (36 ppm Fe) diets from gestational day 2. At weaning, pups from iron-deficient dams were fed either iron-deficient (ID group) or control (IDR group) diets for 4 week. Pups from control dams were continued to be fed with the control diet throughout the study period (CON). RESULTS: Compared to the CON, ID rats had significantly lower hemoglobin and hematocrits in the blood and significantly lower tissue iron in the liver and spleen. Hepatic hepcidin and BMP6 mRNA levels were also strongly down-regulated in the ID group. Developmental iron deficiency significantly increased iron transporters divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and ferroportin (FPN) in the duodenum, but decreased DMT1 in the liver. Dietary iron repletion restored the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit to a normal range, but the tissue iron levels and hepatic hepcidin mRNA levels were significantly lower than those in the CON group. Both FPN and DMT1 protein levels in the liver and in the duodenum were not different between the IDR and the CON. By contrast, DMT1 in the spleen was significantly lower in the IDR, compared to the CON. The splenic FPN was also decreased in the IDR more than in the CON, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that iron transporter proteins in the duodenum, liver and spleen are differentially regulated during developmental iron deficiency. Also, post-weaning iron repletion efficiently restores iron transporters in the duodenum and the liver but not in the spleen, which suggests that early-life iron deficiency may cause long term abnormalities in iron recycling from the spleen.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Jeopgolsan (JGS) extract on anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells and on factors related with fracture healing in skull fractured rat. Methods Experimental animals were divided into four groups: normal group without any treatment (Normal), contral group were treated orally with distilled water (Control), Experimental group were treated orally with JGS at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day (JGS 200) and Experimental group were treated orally with JGS at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day (JGS 400). Rats in each group except the normal group were induced fractures in the skull. The 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity were measured to evaluate antioxidant activity. The production of nitric oxide (NO), $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) in the RAW 264.7 cells were measured to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. The production of osteocalcin calcitonin, carboxy-terminal telepeptides of type II collagen (CTX II), transforming growth $factor-{\beta}$ ($TGF-{\beta}$), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), Insulin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum of rats were measured to evaluate the effects of fracture healing at 0, 2, 4, and 6th week. X-rays were taken every 3 week from 0 to 6th week to evaluate fracture healing effect. Results 1. No cytotoxicity was observed. 2. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were increased in a concentration dependent manner, indicating anti-oxidant effect. 3. NO, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were not significantly changed, indicating no anti-inflammatory effect. 4. Osteocalcin, Calcitonin, $TGF-{\beta}$ and ALP were significantly increased in the experimental groups. 5. CTX II, insulin were significantly decreased in the expermental groups. 6. Radiologic examination showed that union of fracture was promoted. Conclusions From above results, JGS showed significant results in factors related with fracture healing and radiologic examination. Threfore, JGS is expected to be effective in the treatment of fracture.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.618-632
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• 1994

The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy is promoting the regeneration of lost periodontal tissue. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of treatment using decalcified freeze dried bone allograft as a bone graft material. 47 intrabony defects from 27 patients with clinical diagnosis of chronic periodontitis were selected among those 24 defects were treated via flap operation only and designated as the control group, the other 23 defects were treated with decalcified freeze dired bone allografting via flap operation and designated as the experimental group. Clinical parameters including probing depth, loss of attachment, probing bone level and gingival recession have been recorded at 6th months, and the significance of the changes has been analyzed. The results are as follows : 1. Probing depths were reduced significantly in both control group($2.75{\pm}0.99mm$) and experimental group($3.69{\pm}0.97mm$) postoperatively(p<0.01). Experimental group showed significantly higher decrease compared to the control group(p]0.01). 2. Loss of attachment showed statistically significant decrease in both control group($1.77{\pm}1.08mm$) and experimental group postoperatively($2.70{\pm}1.55mm$). Experimental group showed significantly higher decrease compared to the control group(p]0.05). 3. Probing bone levels were reduced with statistically significance in both control group($1.08{\pm}0.97mm$) and experimental group($4.00{\pm}1.41mm$) postoperatively(p<0.01). Experimental group showed significantly higher decrease compared to the control group(p<0.01). 4. Gingival recession showed statistically significant increase in the control group($1.21{\pm}0.72mm$) and experimental group($1.00{\pm}1.09mm$) postoperatively(p<0.01). There was no statistical significance between the control group and the experimental group. On the basis of these results, treatment using allogenic decalcified freeze dried bone is effective in reducing probing depth, loss of attachment and probing bone level. Therefore allogenic decalcified freeze dried bone is an effective bone graft material in periodontal regeneration.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.55-65
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• 2021

This study investigated methane productions and a degradation rate of organic matters by German standard method, VDI4630 test. In this study, 11 waste biomasses from agricultural fields were selected for the investigation. The objective of this study was to estimate a distribution of organic matters by using the Double first-order kinetics model in order to calculate the rate of biodegradable organic matters which degrade rapidly in the initial stage and the persistently biodegradable organic matters which degrade slowly later. As a result, all the biomasses applied in this study showed rapid decomposition in the initial stage. Then the decomposition rate began to slow down for a certain period and the rate became 10 times slower than the initial decomposition rate. This trend of decomposition rate changes is typical conditions of biomass decompositions. The easily degradable factors (k₁) were raged between 0.097~0.152 day^-1 from vegetable crops and persistent degradable factor (k₂) were 0.002~0.024 day^-1. Among these results, greater organic matter decomposition rates from VDI4630 had greater k₁ values (0.152, 0.144day^-1) and smaller k₁ values (0.002, 0.005day^-1) from cucumbers and paprika. In a meanwhile, radishes and tangerine rinds which had low decomposition rates showed 0.097 and 0.094 day^-1 of k₁ values and decomposition rates seems to affect k₁ values.