• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.230-239
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• 2016

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the effect of geographic units of analysis on measuring geographic variation in medical services utilization. For this purpose, we compared geographic variations in the rates of eight major procedures in administrative units (districts) and new areal units organized based on the actual health care use of the population in Korea. Methods: To compare geographic variation in geographic units of analysis, we calculated the age-sex standardized rates of eight major procedures (coronary artery bypass graft surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, surgery after hip fracture, knee-replacement surgery, caesarean section, hysterectomy, computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging scan) from the National Health Insurance database in Korea for the 2013 period. Using the coefficient of variation, the extremal quotient, and the systematic component of variation, we measured geographic variation for these eight procedures in districts and new areal units. Results: Compared with districts, new areal units showed a reduction in geographic variation. Extremal quotients and inter-decile ratios for the eight procedures were lower in new areal units. While the coefficient of variation was lower for most procedures in new areal units, the pattern of change of the systematic component of variation between districts and new areal units differed among procedures. Conclusions: Geographic variation in medical service utilization could vary according to the geographic unit of analysis. To determine how geographic characteristics such as population size and number of geographic units affect geographic variation, further studies are needed.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.153-165
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• 2020

Background: Well-validated risk prediction models help to identify individuals at high risk of diseases and suggest preventive measures. A recent systematic review reported lack of validated prediction models for low back pain (LBP). We aimed to develop prediction models to estimate the 8-year risk of developing LBP and its recurrence. Methods: A population based prospective cohort study using data from 435,968 participants in the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort enrolled from 2002 to 2010. We used Cox proportional hazards models. Results: During median follow-up period of 8.4 years, there were 143,396 (32.9%) first onset LBP cases. The prediction model of first onset consisted of age, sex, income grade, alcohol consumption, physical exercise, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, blood pressure, and medical history of diseases. The model of 5-year recurrence risk was comprised of age, sex, income grade, BMI, length of prescription, and medical history of diseases. The Harrell's C-statistic was 0.812 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.804-0.820) and 0.916 (95% CI, 0.907-0.924) in validation cohorts of LBP onset and recurrence models, respectively. Age, disc degeneration, and sex conferred the highest risk points for onset, whereas age, spondylolisthesis, and disc degeneration conferred the highest risk for recurrence. Conclusions: LBP risk prediction models and simplified risk scores have been developed and validated using data from general medical practice. This study also offers an opportunity for external validation and updating of the models by incorporating other risk predictors in other settings, especially in this era of precision medicine.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.97-110
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• 2015

This study aimed to classify damaged lands, to find what are the damage factors affecting the studied area, and to present a prescription in order to provide some benefit for the restoration of Regional Ecological Network at Chungnam province. Finally we classified damaged lands from 1st to 4th damaged lands according to relative intensity of damage. The main damage factors for the First Damage Lands were humus horizon, soil hardness and plant species richness. In the Second Damage Lands, those were soil hardness, plant species richness, number of plants and dominant plant species. In the Third Damage Lands, those were humus horizon, soil hardness, plant species richness, number of plants and dominant plant species. In the Fourth Damage Lands, those were humus horizon, organic matter, soil hardness, EC, T-N content, plant species richness, number of plants and dominant plant species. In every cases, the damage of soil and vegetation was originated due to development carried out by human being. The changes in soil condition were not big enough for it to affect plant growth, however, degradation of vegetation was still severe.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.66-73
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• 2002

This landscape design proposal was presented to a design competition for the New Government Buildings of Dalseong-gun which was held by the municipal authority of Dalseong-gun in June, 2002. The site is located at 1313 Gumpo-ri, Nongong-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu Metropolitan City and has an area of 50,000$m^2$. The judging criteria for the landscape design set by the Dalseong-gun could be articulated as follows : an environmentally friendly design which respects the surrounding n a locale which functions as a community center of Dalseong-gun, a resting place for the welfare of its employees and visitors, and finally a place with diverse landscape elements reflecting the individual identity of each facility. The main design concepts of this project could be summarized as follows : an environmentally friendly design which respects and utilizes the existing natural landscape resources, a design which features a harmony of nature with architecture and exterior space with interior space, and a design which balances esthetic form and practical function. This design consists of four major outdoor spaces ; the lawn, the entry plaza, a pine grove, and a deck area on the third floor. The multi-purpose lawn area near the main entrance area can be used for flea markets, outdoor weddings, and picnics for its neighbors. The adjacent plaza and parking lots can be unified as one space in case of large events. The entry plaza has three axes. Each of them represents the Assembly, the Administration, and the Culture. A big circle in the paving pattern unifies the three individual axes. A group of Zelkova trees was introduced to reflect local flavor. The existing pine grove was preserved as a symbolic 'park' for the Gumpo district. The outdoor amphitheatre within the grove was introduced by utilizing the existing topography, The flow of 'nature'on the deck area was designed to connect Mt. Gumkae with the 'city'. It is a comfortable resting place for its employees and visitors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

The place of South Weol Dynastys authorities exhumed in the region of KangChoWu, China lies adjacent to a stone ditch through which water streams crookedly, and a dark trough of stone pond in the north side. There is a sharply curved stone ditch and a crescent-shaped water entrance made by stones. The place was separated by using stone columns and stone walls. There is a beam of ditch, a crooked entrance, a flat bridge of slate, a stepping-stone, a sluice gate, and a crooked corridor. There are big and small artificial islands, and reinforcing stone drainage way in the palace pond recently exhumed at the building site for the pavilion of Hwang-Yong Temple in Kuhwang-Dong, Gyeongju city, Korea. There are four facilities assumed to be entrance and exits at four corners and an open space on which gravel was spread extensively. A narrow road and a middle road with indefinite curves at the south of Asukakyoseki exhumed by the first, second and third and two stone buckets which one is to fill with water and the other is to drain water off like fountain are there, and besides wave protecting dam and north pond and the part that water pass were excavated. Palace ponds that were extensively distributed at old residential cities are a general phenomenon of countries in eastern Asia. Anap pond of Silla and Gungnam pond of Baekje were in Kroea. We believe that Asutnkyoseki is on the extension. Although more investigations in the background of thought and the genealogical relation about the palace pond are required, it seems that an idea was surely received from China.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.133-145
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• 1998

$Ca^{2+}-signals$ in endothelial cells are determined by release from intracellular stores and entry through the plasma membrane. In this review, the nature of $Ca^{2+}$ entry and mechanisms of its control are reviewed. The following ion channels play a pivotal role in regulation of the driving force for $Ca^{2+}$ entry: an inwardly rectifying $K^+$ channel, identified as Kir2.1, a big-conductance, $Ca^{2+}-activated$ $K^+$ channel (hslo) and at least two $Cl^-$ channels (a volume regulated $Cl^-$ channel, VRAC, and a $Ca^{2+}$ activated $Cl^-$ channel, CaCC). At least two different types of $Ca^{2+}$-entry channels exist: 1. A typical CRAC-like, highly selective $Ca^{2+}$ channel is described. Current density for this $Ca^{2+}$ entry is approximately 0.1pA/pF at 0 mV and thus 10 times smaller than in Jurkat or mast cells. 2. Another entry pathway for $Ca^{2+}$ entry is a more non-selective channel, which might be regulated by intracellular $Ca^{2+}$. Although detected in endothelial cells, the functional role of trp1,3,4 as possible channel proteins is unclear. Expression of trp3 in macrovascular endothelial cells from bovine pulmonary artery induced non-selective cation channels which are probably not store operated or failed to induce any current. Several features as well as a characterisation of $Ca^{2+}$-oscillations in endothelial cells is also presented.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.4 s.62
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• pp.155-164
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• 2005

In contrast with product design field, some designers who work in furniture field tend to do their own studio works as well as typical designing part. Especially in the small furniture studios for the limited quantity batch production, custom made or handmade craft furniture which is finished with high quality, the propensity for their own production is more obvious than in the big furniture companies in this case. In this kind of small-scale furniture studios, they have more chance to create the various formative works and 'curved shape' is one of the most important elements to form creative pieces. Except by caning, it is very difficult to make curved wooden shape because of own characteristic of wood. Therefore, the special techniques of bending wood are essential to formative furniture production and vacuum press system is introduced as a main subject for the bending wood method in this study. Especially for the designers who work as makers as well at the small furniture studios, the value of vacuum press system on efficiency and productivity of work was sought by testing and improving the method of wood bending techniques. According to this practical searching, ideally sufficient condition on vacuum pressing work was founded as a result on this study.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.1 s.145
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• pp.117-122
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• 2007

This study was investigated the potential of ducks and fish trap for the control of golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, in paddy field and water canals. The smaller size of duck (700g) preyed snails than the bigger one (1,300g). The consumption of two ducks was bigger under plastic house. They preyed over 90% on the second days of release. The release time of ducks was more effective at seven days after inoculation of snails than simultaneous. Duck could suppress the density of snails at any time from month after inoculation. Four ducks per $30m^2$ could control snails in an irrigation canals. The number of attracted golden apple snail per week was 216 in big fish trap $({\Phi}15cm)$ with menthol paste which for a carp.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.83-91
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• 2014

The main purpose of this research is to understand how the problems, which existing letter-shape houses have, are solved in Unjoru which is one of the letter-shape houses. Furthermore, there is the secondary purpose which is to realize the architectural characteristics of Unjoru through the process from the composition of rooms and buildings to the method of structure and roof formation. This research was approached in terms of architectural design, and as the result, the problems of the existing letter-shape houses was resolved by literally converting the shape of outdoor space to 品-shape form. Moreover through the result, it was recognized that the 占-Shape plan was flexible in responding to the demand of the times, such as the order of precedency within men and women and each generation. In addition to the previous results, it was confirmed that the location of major rooms was also decided by considering the interrelationship with natural environment of surrounding area. Also, in the whole proportion of building's plan, each building, such as ㄷ-shape Anchae and big-sized and middle-sized Sarangchae having 丁-shape form, and major rooms in the each building have proportion system such as 1:1, 3:4, $1:\sqrt{2}$, and 3:5 as aesthetic numerical value. Finally, it was understood that the architectural intention had double-sided characters, one side was authority and dignity in the aspect of shape and another side was practicality in aspect of inner housing life.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.87.2-87.2
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• 2013

We studied a fine-scale half ring-like structure around a pore seen from the high spectral and the high spatial resolution data. Our observations were carried out using the Fast Imaging Solar Spectrograph (FISS) and the InfraRed Imaging Magnetograph (IRIM) installed at the 1.6 meter New Solar Telescope of Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) on 2012 July 19. During the observations, we found a fine-scale half ring-like structure located very close to a pore (~0.4 arcsec apart from the pore). It was seen in the far wing images of the $H{\alpha}$ and Ca II $8542{\AA}$ lines, but it was not seen in the line center images of two lines. The length of the structure is about 4200 km and the width is about 350 km. We determined its line-of-sight velocity using the Doppler shift of the centroid of the Ti II line ($6559.6{\AA}$, close to the $H{\alpha}$ line) and determined horizontal velocity using the NAVE method. we also investigated the magnetic configurations using the Stokes I, Q, U, and V maps of the IRIM. As a results, we found that it has a high blue-shift velocity (~2km) faster than the photospheric features and has a strong horizontal component of the magnetic field. Based on our findings, we suggest that it is associated with small flux emergence, which occurs very close to the pore. Even though it is very small structure, this kind of magnetic configuration can be in chare of the upper chromosphere heating, especially above the pore.