• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.157-172
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• 2023

Azadirachta excelsa, is a plant belonging to the same genus as Indian neem (Azadirachta indica), and its use as a pesticide is reported by few studies. Despite being a different species, it is expected to have the same biopesticide potential as A. indica. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the anti-termite activity of n-hexane and methanol extracts of A. excelsa seed kernel at various concentrations against Coptotermes curvignathus. The methanol extract demonstrated greater termicidal activity than n-hexane at doses test of 2%, 4%, and 8%. It also showed 100% termite mortality on the third day of administering the 8% dose. According to the gas chromatography with mass spectrometry data, the putative main components of the n-hexane extract were hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (18.99%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (16.31%), and 9-octadecenal (16.23%). In contrast, the principal constituents of methanol extract were patchouli alcohol (28.1%), delta-guaiene (15.15%), and alpha-guaiene (11.93%). Furthermore, limonoids profiling of A. excelsa methanol extract was determined using Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. The number of limonoids identified tentatively was fifteen, such as 6-deacetylnimbin, nimbolidin C, nimbolide, 6-acetylnimbandiol, 6-deacetyl-nimbinene, salannol, 28-deoxonimbolide, gedunin, nimbandiol, epoxyazadiradione, azadirone, 2',3'-dihydrosalannin, marrangin, nimbocinol, and azadirachtin. They were the same as those reported in the seed and leaves of A. indica, but its largest component in A. excelsa was 6-deacetylnimbin. As a result, the presence of these compounds may be responsible for the anti-termite activity of A. excelsa seed kernel extract. Additionally, column chromatography of methanol extract yielded 6-deacetylnimbin, which was found to be antifeedant and termiticide against C. curvignathus.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1451-1454
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• 2003

The present investigation was carried out to study the affect of feeding urea ammoniated neem kernel meal on carcass characteristics and organoleptic properties of the meat in goats. Eight local weaned kids of 3-4 months age with mean body weight of $7.85{\pm}0.42kg$ were assigned to two groups of four each in a completely randomised design and were offered diets containing isonitrogenous concentrate mixtures containing either peanut meal or urea ammoniated neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel meal (UANSKM) along with ad libitium oat hay or green sorghum as roughage for 13 fortnights. The animals were slaughtered at the end of the experimental period and the carcass characteristics and organoleptic evaluation of the meat was carried out. The carcass characteristics in terms of dressing percentage, meat bone ratio, percent edible and inedible did not differ between the treatments. Similarly the organoleptic characteristics and cooking loss were comparable between the treatments implying that UANSKM can be substituted for peanut meal in goat diets to alleviate the shortage and high cost of peanut meal without affecting meat quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.720-728
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• 2000

The different products of neem (Azadirachta indica) are utilized for variety of purposes in industry, health and animal agriculture in the Indian subcontinent. The cake from seeds after oil extraction is a good source of nutrients (CP: 35-38%; EE: 4.5-5.5%; CF: 12-15%; Ca: 0.75%; P: 0.45% on DM), and in particular, the one out of its kernel is proteinaceous and is relatively balanced in its amino acid and mineral profile. But the cake is toxic and bitter to taste owing to triterpenoids (nimbin, salannin, azadirachtin), which restricts its safe inclusion in livestock diet. Several feeding trials with raw cake have revealed poor palatability and adverse performance among different categories of livestock and poultry. Internal organ changes included histological alteration in intestine, liver, kidney and distruption of spermatogenesis and ovarian activity. Ruminants appears to tolerate reasonably higher levels of the cake and to a limited low levels of dietary inclusion also proved to be tolerable in monogastric farm animals. Debitterization through solvent (hexane, ether) extraction, water washing, alkali (NaOH, 1.5, 2.5 or 3%, wt/wt) soaking and urea (1.5 or 3%, wt/wt) - ammoniation have been tried with appreciable success in improving the palatability and nutritive value of the cake. For enhanced utilization, decortication of neem seeds is to be done effectively at industrial level with maximum oil recovery. The resultant proteinaceous kernel by-product could be a cheaper unconventional protein supplement after suitable processing.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and hangover cure effects of compound prescription containing Phyllanthus emblica and Azadirachta Indica leaf extract (CP). In vitro experiments, HepG2 cells were induced oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and treated with CP at 50, 100, 200 ㎍/㎖ concentration. Antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalse (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) activity and glutathione (GSH) content were decreased by hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress, but CP was increased that. In vivo experiments, experiment rats were orally administered alcohol 3 g/kg and, after 30 min administered CP 200 mg/kg. After 1 and 3 h of alcohol administration, blood was collected from the tail vein, while after 5 h, blood was collected from the heart. CP modulates alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde level, thereby decreased alcohol level in serum. Also, CP decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). These results suggest that CP has antioxidant effects and alleviates alcohol hangover symptoms.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2014

Azadirachta indica는 살충작용을 가진 약용 식물 중 하나로 우리나라에서 유기농업자재로 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 님추출물의 인체 안전성을 확인하기 위하여, SD 랫드를 이용하여 님추출물의 급성경구독성시험과 4주 반복투여 경구독성시험을 수행하여 신장의 조직변화 및 혈액생화학적 지표를 관찰하였다. 급성 독성시험 결과 님추출물의 $LD_{50}$은 2.0 g/Kg이상으로 나타났다. 반복투여 경구독성시험으로 님추출물을 각각 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g/Kg으로 투여한 결과, 체중변화, 사료 및 물 섭취량에서는 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 시험물질투여군의 상대 신장중량 또한 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혈중 CREA는 수컷에서 님추출물 고용량 투여군에서 유의적으로 증가하였으나 BUN은 투여용량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하였다. 신장과 관련된 혈중 지표인 CHO는 암컷에서 시험물질 투여군의 용량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가하였다. 그러나, 조직 병리학적 분석결과 모든 시험물질투여군에서 이상이 관찰되지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 님추출물은 암컷에서 혈중 콜레스테롤 증가 경향을 보인 것을 제외하고는 모든 용량처리군에서 신장에 독성 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 생각된다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2003

Five seed kernel namely, Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), Pongamia (Pongamia glabra L. Pierre), Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), Mahua (Madhuca indica Gmel.) and Shikakai (Acacia cancinna De.) were tested against hatching of eggs and larval mortality of Meloidogyne incognita causing root knot disease in mulberry along with Furadan (Carbofuran) and Bionema (a bioformulation developed from Verticillium chlamydosporium) for comparison. Results revealed that highest hush-up of hatching was observed in Neem (77.40%) and Pongamia (75.99%) seed kernel extracts at 100% concentration over the check. Similarly, highest larval mortality was observed in Neem and Pongamia by 76.00% and 74.50%, respectively at 100% concentration after 72 hrs of exposure period. Pot culture studies revealed that pre-application of seed kernel powders (20 days before inoculation of nematode) found to be more effective in controlling the root knot disease than post application. In pre application of seed kernel powders, maximum reduction of root knots was observed in case of Neem seed kernel powder (54.85%) followed by Pongamia (51.9%). Similar trend was also observed in reduction of egg masses/plant and nematode population ／250 cc soil. Rest of the seed kernel extracts was found to be less effective in suppression of hatching, enhancing the larval mortality and controlling the root knot disease. However, application of Furadan and Bionema tested for the comparison were found to be more effective than seed kernel powders. The generated information seems to be useful in developing an ecofriendly integrated approach for the control of root knot nematode disease in mulberry.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2016

Leaf chlorophyll content provides valuable information about physiological status of plants. However, fewer studies have investigated the difference in chlorophyll concentration in leaves of tropical afforestation tree species. Therefore, this study examines the difference in foliar chlorophyll contents of six tropical afforestation tree species namely: Tectona grandis, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Piptademiastrum africanum, Azadirachta indica, Brachystegia eurycoma and Gmelina arborea found in the relict forest in Umudike, South east, Nigeria. A single factor experiment in a completely randomised design in three replicates was employed to analyse the rate of leaf chlorophyll contents. Fisher's least significant different was used to test for significance in mean difference in foliar chlorophyll contents between tree species at 95% confidence interval using analysis of variance. The results of this study showed a significant difference in foliar chlorophyll concentration between the tree species with Tectona grandis having a higher chlorophyll concentration than other trees this could be as a result of its higher vegetative activity which increases its primary productivity followed by Pentaclethra macrophylla while Azadirachta indica having least the chlorophyll concentration. The study further revealed that other indigenous tree species like Piptademiastrum africanum and Brachystegia eurycoma have higher chlorophyll concentration. Further studies should be carry out to examine factors that have contributed informed the differences in the chlorophyll concentration of these trees species, thus this would broaden the understanding of their physiological status and equally encourage there conservation.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.96-103
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• 2012

In the present study, the inhibitory effect of neem leaf extract (NLE) on lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) production was examined both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro study revealed that NLE treatment ($100{\mu}g/ml$) inhibits LPS (100 ng/ml)-induced NO production by 96% and TNF-${\alpha}$ production by 32%. The reduction in NO production is probably conferred by the complete suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Interestingly, in vivo NLE significantly improved the survival rate of mice in an experimental sepsis model. Administration of NLE (100 mg/kg) 24 h before LPS treatment (20 mg/kg) improved the survival rate of mice by 60%. The inhibition of plasma NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ production by NLE is likely to account for the improved survival of mice. Our results suggest that NLE may present a promising avenue in the development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.36-44
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• 2015

한약재 천련자로 유통되는 중국 식물과 우리나라에도 분포하는 멀구슬나무의 연관성을 규명하기 위하여 중국남서부지역에서 천련자(Melia toosendan)로 채취하는 재료와 중국 남동부, 한국, 인도 등지에서 심고 있는 멀구슬나무(M. azadarach), 그리고 무환자나무과의 근연종들을 대상으로 핵 ITS, 엽록체 matK, rbcL, atpF-H, psbK-I, psbA-trnH 등 6개 마커의 염기서열을 비교분석하였다. 이들 염기서열 자료를 계통분석한 결과 한약재 천련자로 알려진 식물과 멀구슬나무는 동일종으로 판단된다. 이 두 종은 학자들에 따라서는 동일종 또는 이종으로 처리하던 것으로, 본 연구자들의 유전자 비교분석결과는 동일종으로 취급하는 것이 보다 타당함을 지지한다. 또한, 다양한 이명으로 세계 각지에서 기재된 멀구슬나무에 가장 가까운 종은 약재로 잘 알려진 님나무(Azadirachta indica)로, 이 종은 이전에 멀구슬나무속으로도 처리된 바 있다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제60권4호
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• pp.463-471
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• 2021

열대식물인 인도멀구슬나무(Azadirachta indica)는 병해충과 방제와 의학적인 목적으로 오랫동안 이용하였다. 본고에서는 님제의 활성성분인 아자디라크틴의 해충에 대한 곤충생장조절, 기피, 섭식저해, 산란억제 등 다양한 작용기작과 국내 이용현황에 대하여 고찰하였다. 국내 유통되는 친환경유기농자재 중에서 님제 제품은 총 57종이었다. 그중 효능효과가 표시된 자재는 7종이었고 평균 아자디라크틴 함량은 0.38%로써 세계적으로 유통되는 평균 함량 2.1%와 비교할 때 약 5.5배 낮았다. 국내에서 님제의 방제효과에서 진딧물은 실험에서 다소 변이는 있었으나 대부분 90% 이상의 방제효과를 보였다. 꽃매미 약충에 누적살충률은 73~77%를 보였고, 총채벌레에 대한 방제가는 50~72% 범위로 살포효과가 인정되었다. 노린재와 나방류에 대한 방제효과는 대체적으로 낮았다. 본고는 유통되는 님제품의 이해와 실험자료의 해석에 필요한 주요한 정보를 제공해줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.