• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.225-241
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• 2020

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the ratio of outside directors, especially the ratio of outside directors according to their tenure, on firm value. Design/methodology/approach - This study collected total 3,861 firm-year data about companies listed KRX KOSPI market in Korea. The Pooled Ordinary Least Square Model and Panel Fixed Effects Model were hired in order to analyze the data. Findings - First, it was found that the ratio of outside directors for total sample had no significant effect on firm value, and the estimation coefficient of dummy variable for the average tenure less than 3 years had a significant positive(+) effect on firm value. Second, the ratio of outside directors corresponding to the tenure of less than 3 years had a significant positive(+) effect on the firm value. On the contrary, the ratio of outside directors corresponding to the tenure of 3 years or more had a significant negative(-) effect on firm value. Third, the ratio of outside directors corresponding to the tenure for more than 6 years did not show any significant influence on firm value. Research implications or Originality - First, if other matters are not additionally considered, keeping the tenure of outside directors shortly on average could help to increase firm value. Second, in the case of firms facing the decision to reappoint outside directors for the first time, it is highly likely that the firm value would decrease on average, so careful decisionmaking considering various aspects is required. However, this study does not take into account the legal standards for the appointment of outside directors, diversity of outside directors, and the actual independence of outside directors according to other criteria in the analysis. Therefore, if these factors are considered, there is a possibility that the empirical analysis results of this study may show different patterns.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.243-245
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• 2000

can be determined from the number and weight average molecular weight. When the value of the exponent, a, appearing in the relation between the intrinsic viscosity and the viscosity average molecular weight, is in the range from 0.6 to 0.8, as is the case for the most polymers, the viscosity average molecular weight is much more close to the weight average molecular weight than to the number average molecular weight.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.135-156
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of average unit learning on the knowledge of the representative value of 5th grade elementary school students. In the information-oriented society, the ability to organize and summarize the data has become an essential resource. In the process of correctly analyzing statistical data and making reasonable decisions, the summary of the data plays an important role, and it is necessary to learn the concept of representative values in order to describe the center of the data in a series of numbers. For research, an informal knowledge type possessed by a fifth grade elementary school student with respect to a representative value before learning an average unit is examined and compared with the representative value after learning the average unit. A suggestion point for representative value guidance in school mathematics is provided while examining the change in knowledge with respect to the representative value. Seeing the informal types of elementary school students' representative values will help them learn how to formalize the concept of representative values in middle and high schools. It will give suggestions about the concept of representative values and the method of instruction that should be dealt with in elementary schools. The informal knowledge about the representative value can help with formal representative value that will be learned later. Therefore, This study's discussions on statistical learning of elementary school students are expected to present meaningful implications for statistical education.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2013

Purpose: As UBC IRMA is being tested, patients out of the reference value are reacting within the value again a few days later the urine collection tested, which causes the reliability of the test to decrease as a result. In this study, we can assume that the physiological changes in the factors would affect the results. The purpose of the study is to find out whether hematuria and proteinuria in the sample as well as the interval time (3 hours or more recommended) have affected the results. As a result, we could discover the changes in factors and increase the reliability of the test. Materials and Methods: 468 people (female: 249, male: 219) who came for the check-up were presented herein for medical examination from 2013.3.15 to 2013.1.2. Some people out of 468 who have reacted onto the reference value were divided into group low titer zone, ow-middle titer zone, and middle-high titer zone and tested for hematuria and proteinuria. During that period, 48 outpatients were asked to fill in a questionnaire regarding the urination interval time. The reagents used were (IDL Biotech AB, Sweden) and UBC IRMA. Results: Of the patients that are formed in the reference value of ($0.1-34.0{\mu}g/L$) turn out to be 52.7 years average age in their low concentration, ($mean{\pm}SD$) of the value of $0.10{\pm}0.02{\mu}g/L$. Among 80 people (50.8%, female: 49.2%), 16 patients (20%) have shown reaction to microscopic hematuria and 10 patients (12.5%) responded to proteinuria. In the average low concentration under 52.5 years of average age, 43 people (53%) have shown reaction to microscopic hematuria and 21 people (26.3%) are proteinuric patients out of 80 patients (male: 50.8%, female: 51.3%). In the middle high concentration of $11.8{\pm}4.82{\mu}g/L$ under the average age 51.7 years, 35 patients (53%) have responded to the microscopic hematuria and proteinuric patients are 26 people (39.3%) out of 66 people (men: 44%, women: 56%). In addition, in the concentration of $51.7{\pm}43.5{\mu}g/L$, some patients who get out of the reference value are observed as the average age of 52.0. 11 patients (78.6%) out of 14 (male: 35.7%, female: 64.3%) react to the microscopic hematuria. There show 6 people (42.8%) who turn out to be as proteinuric patients. As for the interval time, $1.67{\pm}3.71{\mu}g/L$ was the average value among 48 patients (female: 45.8%, male: 54.2%). Conclusion: We cannot see if proteinuria and hematuria directly affect abnormal results of inspection of 8,18 cytokeratin; however, we can find out that they statistically have an influence on highly generating UBC among several mechanisms. Also, although urination interval time was various every 15 minutes, we it does not affect these results.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.6-13
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• 2012

An improved algorithm for image quality assessment is presented. First a simple model of human visual system, consisting of a nonlinear function and a 2-D filter, processes the input images. This filter has one user-defined parameter, whose value depends on the reference image. This way the algorithm can adapt to different scenarios. In the next step the average value of locally computed correlation coefficients between the two processed images is found. This criterion is closely related to the way in which human observer assesses image quality. Finally, image quality measure is computed as the average value of locally computed correlation coefficients, adjusted by the average correlation coefficient between the reference and error images. By this approach the proposed measure differentiates between the random and signal dependant distortions, which have different effects on human observer. Performance of the proposed quality measure is illustrated by examples involving images with different types of degradation.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.715-722
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• 2012

New discrete time domain models for the peak current controlled (PCC) power LED drivers in continuous conduction mode include for the first time the effects of the time delay in the pulse-width-modulator. Realistic amounts of time delay are found to have significant effects on the average output LED current and on the critical inductor value at the boundary between the two conduction modes. Especially, the time delay can provide an accurate LED current for the PCC buck converter with a wide input voltage. The models can also predict the critical inductor value at the mode boundary as functions of the input voltage and the time delay. The overshoot of the peak inductor current due to the time delay results in the increase of the average output current and the reduction of the critical inductor value at the mode boundary in all converters. Experimental results are presented for the PCC buck LED driver with constant-frequency controller.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 2019

This study investigated the healthcare status of South Korea and member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). By employing the position value for relative comparison index, healthcare status was measured through the following components: demand, supply, accessibility, quality, and cost. Statistical analysis was conducted through the Mann-Kendall test from analyzing trends from 2000 onwards. Results showed that while Korea, on average, scores higher than the OECD average in most of the investigated components, it is below average in certain indexes including primary care and mental health care. Considering the various health issues that have been raised about these indexes, it is important these components be improved upon by policy-makers.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 1982

Activities of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase [SGPT], serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT] and serum lactic dehydrogenase [LDH] were determined during and after surgery In a total of 18 patients with heart diseases Including 8 cases of congenital heart anomaly and 10 cases of acquired valvular diseases who undergone open heart surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. The results obtained are as follows: 1]The average value of the activity of SGPT before the surgery was $27.94{\pm}12.24$ units. The value was increased following the operation and reached to the maximum value of $43.83{\pm}37.02$ units 2 days after the operation, which was slightly deviated from the normal range. The enzyme activity returned to the normal range of $32.82{\pm}23.61$ units 4 days after the operation. 2]The average value of the activity of SGOT before the surgery was observed to be $30.5{\pm}11.29$ units. The value increased during the operation and reached to the maximum value of $95.56{\pm}43.38$ units. 2 days after the operation, the enzyme activity was gradually decreased thereafter and returned to the normal range 6 days after the operation. 3]The average value of the activity of serum LDH before the surgery was found to be $258.0{\pm}88.96$ units. The value was increased during the operation and reached to the maximum value of $930.55{\pm} 258.23$ units 2 days after the operation. The enzyme activity was gradually decreased thereafter and returned to normal range 7 days after the operation. 4]It was observed that the longer the time required for the extracorporeal circulation in the open heart surgery became, the greater the changed in activity of SGOT, SGPT and serum LDH were found.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.144-158
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• 1974

This study was undertaken in an attempt to; 1) measure value orientation of nursing activities, 2) identify the relationship between nurse's role perception and patient's expectation, and 3) evaluate the pattern of nursing education and nursing service administration. 203 hospitalized adults and 203 professional nurses from 11 general hospitals in Seoul during the period of July to December 1973 were tested according to questionnaire based on 4 categories of clinical nursing activities, 1) physical care, 2) observation and control, 3) psycho-social care and 4) therapeutic measures. Results of the study are as follows: 1. Nurses were more concerned than patients in the physical care category. Significant difference was revealed by p<.01 level (t=2.800). Mean value score of nurses was average (2.84), and mean value score of patients was relative' y low (2.49). None of the physical care category questionnaire items were over 3.5. 2. Respondents from hospitals of total care system revealed significant difference in the physical care category by P〈.025 level. (t=2.242). Mean value score of both group were average level (nurse 2.90, patient 2.53), nurses showed higher concern. 3. Difference between nurse's role perception and patient's expectation in observation and control category was revealed non- significance by p〉0.05. level (t=1.238). Mean value score of both group revealed relatively high (nurse=3.44, patient 3.19). 4. Difference between nurse's role perception and patient〉expectation in psycho-social cart category revealed non- significance by p〉.05 level (t=0.758), Mean value score of both group revealed average level (nurse =2.71, patient =2.53), 5. Non- significant difference was noted between B. S. N. and diploma nurse's role perception in the psycho- social care category by p> 0.1 level (t=0.316). 4. Difference between nurse's role perception and patient's expectation in the rapeutic me assures category revealed non- significance by p〉0.05 level) t=0.503). Horses showed high concern by mean value score 3.56 level and patients relatively high by 3.41. All items of this category revealed very high or relatively high value score.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.43-48
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to measure cardiothoracic ratio and to report the opinions on it, targeting 500 persons who were conducted simple chest radiography, in terms of clinical symptom, by visiting a medical examination center for S university hospital. As to the general characteristic of 500 research targets, it comprised 263 persons (52%) for males and 237 persons (48%), and the average age is 49.4. Out of 500 persons, it showed 125 persons (25%) in their thirties, 125 persons (25%) in their forties, 125 persons (25%) in their fifties, and 125 persons (25%) in their sixties. 1. In terms of the wholly 500 targets, the average value of cardiothoracic ratio was 0.48, and the average cardiothoracic ratio showed 0.45 in their thirties, 0.46 in their forties, 0.50 in their fifties, and 0.53 in their sixties. 2. The minimum value of cardiothoracic ratio was 0.33, and its maximum value was 0.70, and it showed 319 persons (63.8%) as to a case lower than 0.5, which is a normal value, and 181 persons (36.2%) as to a case more than 0.5, which is a normal value. 3. Among 181 persons who showed cardiothoracic ratio higher than normality, it showed 17 persons (9.4%) in their thirties, 22 persons (12%) in their forties, 54 persons (30%) in their fifties, and 88 persons (49%) in their sixties. 4. The average for the internal diameter (ID) of thorax was 141.8 mm, 229.6 mm at the minimum, and 353.5 mm at the maximum. 5. The average for the maximum transverse diameter of right side of the heart (MRD) was 48.0 mm, 4.95 mm at the minimum, and 84.5 mm at the maximum. The average for the maximum transverse diameter of left side of the heart (MLD) was 93.5 mm, 56.7 mm at the minimum, and 138.5 mm at the maximum. 6. The average for TD (MRD+MLD) of the heart was 292.6 mm, 96.6 mm at the minimum, and 199.2 mm at the maximum. 7. The average of cardiothoracic ratio (MRD+MLD/ID) was 0.48, 0.33 at the minimum, and 0.70 at the maximum.