• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.126-130
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• 2019

Purpose: In this meta-analysis, relevant case-control and cohort studies were pooled to evaluate the association between preeclampsia and the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in children. Methods: A search for relevant studies in major databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, was performed up to May 2018. The odds ratios (ORs) or rate ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted from eligible studies to determine the association among studies. Results: The pooled estimates of ORs and RRs indicated a significant association between preeclampsia and ASD [(OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.12-1.60) and (RR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.20-1.41)]. Conclusions: Despite existing controversy, our findings indicated that preeclampsia was associated with an increased risk of ASD among children.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.157-164
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• 2016

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of language profiles according to whether or not Korean children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD) also have ADHD, and to examine the relationship with executive function. Methods : Participants in the study were boys with ADHD aged 6 to 11 years who visited the clinic from January 2012 to December 2013. In this study, 25 boys with ASD were included, and completed scales included the Korean version of Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised(K-ADI-R), Korean version of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule(K-ADOS), Korean ADHD Rating Scale(K-ARS), and Korean-Conners' Parent Rating Scale(K-CPRS). They also completed neuropsychological tests and assessed language profiles. Patients were categorized into two groups(with ADHD and without ADHD). T-test and Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used for analysis. Results : Statistically, no difference was found in receptive and expressive language ability between the ASD groups with and without ADHD. However, a lower score in Test of Problem solving(TOPS) was observed for ASD with ADHD than for ASD without ADHD, with problem solving and finding cues showing significant differences. Conclusions : These findings suggest that language profiles in the ASD group without ADHD could be similar to those in the ASD group with ADHD, but comorbid ADHD could lead to more difficulty in linguistic ability for problem solving and could be related with executive function of the frontal lobe.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.122-138
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• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study is to widely utilize the clinical practice guideline for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by investigating parents who have children with ASD about their perception in ASD and their thoughts on Korean medicine treatment to treat ASD. Methods We conducted a survey on 'perception of ASD' and 'perception and preference of Korean medicine treatment for ASD' on the parents of 22 children with ASD (age 4-6) who visited department of pediatrics of Korean medicine at Kyunghee University Korean medicine hospital at Gangdong and Kyunghee University Korean medicine hospital. Results Of the parents, 20 (90.91%) said their children had no experience with Korean medicine treatment. Among them, 11 (35.48%) chose 'I didn't know that Korean medicine treats ASD' for the reason (multiple choice). When questioned what the worries are for Korean medicine treatment, 13 (30.95%) chose 'worries about probability of side effects of herbal medicine' as the most worrisome reason (multiple choice). On the question about the necessity of Korean medicine for the treatment of ASD, most chose 'Korean medicine treatments are necessary for children with ASD' (9, 40.91%). Conclusions It is necessary to develop a clinical practice guideline that reflects comprehensive evidence for side effects as well as the effectiveness of Korean medicine for ASD, and is necessary to promote the effectiveness and evidence-based Korean medicine treatment to patients and their caregivers through various distribution tools.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2009

Objectives : The serotonin transporter gene(SLC6A4) is one of the most widely studied candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder(ASD), but there have been conflicting results from studies into the association between SLC6A4 and ASD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in the SLC6A4 gene and ASD in the Korean population. Methods : We selected 12 SNPs in SLC6A4 and observed the genotype of 151 Korean ASD trios. We tested the family-based association for each individual polymorphism and haplotype by using the standard TDT method in Haploview(http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/haploview/). Results : Through transmission-disequilibrium testing and haplotype analysis, we could not find any statistically significant transmitted allele or haplotype. In addition, a case-control association test with Korean HapMap data did not reveal any statistical significance. Conclusion : Although serotonin-related genes must be considered candidate genes for ASD, we suggest that common SNPs of SLC6A4 are not important markers for associations with Korean ASD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.112-117
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• 2021

Objectives: This study identified changes in social communication and interaction among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) through Theraplay. Methods: This study included 20 children who were diagnosed with ASD by a child and adolescent psychiatrist and were recommended to undergo Theraplay in 2012-2017. The Marschak interaction method was used to identify and analyze the interactions between parents and their children. The Korean version of the Social Communication Questionnaire (K-SCQ) was used to evaluate symptoms of ASD. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the differences before and after Theraplay. Results: Upon comparing the differences in total K-SCQ scores, there were statistically significant changes (z=-3.269, p=0.001) in children with ASD. Changes were also confirmed in each category, namely social interaction, communication, and limited and repetitive behavior patterns (p=0.011, p=0.025, p=0.039, respectively). Conclusion: This study found that Theraplay may cause significant changes in social communication in children with ASD. Further studies are needed to establish the effectiveness of Theraplay in children with ASD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.86-93
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• 2015

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by impaired social communication and repetitive, restricted behaviors and activities. The prevalence of ASD has been increasing for the past 2 decades, but evidence-based therapeutic approaches are lacking for patients with ASD. To date, there is no cure for the core symptoms of ASD, and the existing treatments focus on improving the patient's function and adaptation by using behavioral intervention methods. Behavioral interventions have been proven to show the greatest effect when applied before the age of 2 years, for at least 40-60 hours per week. Many clinicians and ASD families are unfamiliar with the treatment methods, and consequently, may seek unproven and potentially hazardous methods. The purpose of this article was to present an extensive and updated review on evidence-based ASD behavioral interventions that are commonly used in clinical settings.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.156-162
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• 2014

Objectives : The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalences of electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities and epilepsy in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In addition, we intended to identify demographic and clinical correlates of epilepsy in ASD. Methods : A total of 140 children and adolescents (age $7.3{\pm}4.8yrs$, 106 boys) with ASD underwent EEG from January 2010 to December 2013 at Asan Medical Center. Medical records were reviewed for demographic information, clinical characteristics, psychiatric diagnoses and comorbidities, EEG findings and neurological diagnoses. Results : The prevalences of EEG abnormalities and epilepsy in children and adolescents with ASD was 62.1% and 38.6%, respectively. In subjects with seizure-like movements, EEG abnormalities and epilepsy were more frequent than those without seizure-like movements (EEG abnormalities : 92.5% vs. 43.7%, p<.001 ; epilepsy : 90.6% vs. 5.7%, p<.001). ASD subjects who had epilepsy were older (p=.001), had lower full scale intelligence quotient (p<.001) and took more antipsychotics (p=.006) than those who did not. Conclusion : The prevalences of EEG abnormalities and epilepsy in our sample were similar to those from Western countries. Our results suggested a possible association of older age, lower intelligence quotient, and antipsychotics use with epilepsy in ASD. Conduct of further prospective study in a larger sample is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.207-215
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the differences in the facial emotion recognition and discrimination ability between children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: Fifty-three children aged 7 to 11 years participated in this study. Among them, 43 were diagnosed with ADHD and 10 with ASD. The parents of the participants completed the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist, ADHD Rating Scale and Conner's scale. The participants completed the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-fourth edition and Advanced Test of Attention (ATA), Penn Emotion Recognition Task and Penn Emotion Discrimination Task. The group differences in the facial emotion recognition and discrimination ability were analyzed by using analysis of covariance for the purpose of controlling the visual omission error index of ATA. Results: The children with ADHD showed better recognition of happy and sad faces and less false positive neutral responses than those with ASD. Also, the children with ADHD recognized emotions better than those with ASD on female faces and in extreme facial expressions, but not on male faces or in mild facial expressions. We found no differences in the facial emotion discrimination between the children with ADHD and ASD. Conclusion: Our results suggest that children with ADHD recognize facial emotions better than children with ASD, but they still have deficits. Interventions which consider their different emotion recognition and discrimination abilities are needed.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2020

언어의 운율은 억양, 리듬, 강세로 구성되어 있고 운율 요소는 상호 복합적인 작용을 통하여 언어의 고유한 리듬을 형성한다. 자폐범주성 장애 아동은 자연스러운 운율 학습에 어려움이 있어 정확한 의미와 정보 전달에 어려움이 있어 자폐범주성 장애 아동의 운율에 대한 연구가 중요하다. 평서문과 의문문 따라말하기 과제를 통하여 자폐범주성 장애 아동 집단과 일반 아동 집단 간의 운율 특성 차이를 구명하고 어말 길이에 따라 의문문에서의 음도기울기와 청자와의 지각관계를 알아보았다. 7-12세 일반 아동 30명, 자폐범주성 장애 아동 20명을 대상으로 언어 평가 후 20문장 따라말하기 과제를 실시하였다. 청지각 과제로는 115문장이 사용되었다. 자폐범주성 장애 아동이 일반 아동에 비해 음도와 강도가 높고, 발화속도가 느리며 음도 기울기가 낮았다. 자폐범주성 장애 아동은 평서문과 의문문의 산출에서 음도와 강도에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 자폐범주성 장애 아동은 의문문 1음절에서 평서문과 가장 큰 기울기 차이를 보였으며 5음절 의문문 산출에서 가장 낮은 기울기 값을 보였다. 청지각 평가 결과 청자는 4.3%만 자폐범주성 장애 아동의 의문문을 의문문으로 지각하였다. 결과적으로 평서문과 의문문 따라말하기에서 자폐범주성 장애아동이 일반 아동에 비해 음도와 강도가 높고, 발화속도가 느리며, 낮은 음도기울기를 보였다. 이러한 운율패턴 때문에 청자는 의문문을 평서문으로 인식하였고 원인은 규명되지 않았지만 화용능력이나 다른 자폐적 특징의 결함과 관련이 있다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 자폐범주성 장애 아동의 이러한 억양 패턴을 확인하였고 운율 개선을 위한 치료 개발의 필요성을 제시했다.

• 인간행동과 음악연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.61-88
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• 2023

본 연구는 자폐스펙트럼장애(Autism Spectrum Disorder, 이하 ASD) 아동과 비장애 형제를 대상으로 협력적 악기연주 프로그램을 실행하여 형제간 상호작용에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는지를 알아보기 위한 사례연구이다. 대상자는 만 7-12세 ASD 아동 3명과 만 6-11세 비장애 형제 3명으로 ASD 아동과 비장애 형제로 구성된 각 그룹이 40분씩, 주 2회, 총 8회기의 중재에 참여하였다. 중재는 동시적 행동 수행의 단계, 상호보완적 행동 수행의 단계, 협력을 통한 공동의 목표 성취의 단계 총 3단계로 구성되었다. 매회기 중재 시 ASD 아동과 비장애 형제에게 나타난 상호작용 시작·반응행동, 연쇄적 상호작용 행동 및 협력적 연주 행동을 관찰하여 측정하였으며 중재 전후 비장애 형제는 형제관계척도를 보호자는 보호자가 지각한 형제관계척도를 평정하도록 하였다. 연구 결과, 상호작용 시작·반응행동, 연쇄적 상호작용 행동, 협력적 연주 행동이 중재 회기가 진행됨에 따라 점차 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 보호자와 비장애 형제가 평정한 형제관계척도의 평정 점수 또한 프로그램 후 증가하였으나 형제 갈등 및 경쟁의식 하위 영역에서는 뚜렷한 변화가 나타나지 않았는데 이는 형제간 접촉이 증가하면서 갈등과 경쟁의식을 경험하는 기회 역시 증가할 수 있음을 나타낸다. ASD 아동과 비장애 형제가 함께 참여하는 중재 연구의 필요성이 증가하는 시점에서 본 연구 결과는 공동의 목표를 가지고 협력적으로 연주하는 중재가 형제간 상호작용 시도 및 친밀감 증가에 효과적일 수 있음을 시사한다.