• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.304-314
• /
• 2002

A survey was conducted from September 15 to December 15 2001. Structured questionnaires were mailed to school nurses in 607 elementary schools around the country in order to determine the current status of anti-smoking education in elementary schools. The result were as followers 1. Of the 607 schools, 535 $(88.1\%)$ offered smoking-prevention education. By region, Jeju-do $(100\%)$ topped the list, followed by Seoul $(90.3\%)$, Gyeongsang-do$(90.2\%)$, Jeolla-do$(88.9\%)$, Gangwon-do $(87.8\%)$, Chungcheong-do $(84.6\%)$, and Gyeonggi-do $(81.4\%)$. 'Recognition of the need for anti-smoking program $(86\%)$' was a major motivation for initiating the program, while 'too much workload $(46.4\%)$' was cited as a main reason for the failure to do so. 2. The classes were offered mostly for 6th-grade students $(87.8\%)$, while $9.0\%$ and $2.0\%$ were implemented at 5th- and 4th- grades, respectively. 3. $49.1\%$ of the classes offered lasted one hour, while $31.8\%$ involved a two-hour program. 4. Programs were mainly about smoking-related diseases, habitual nature of smoking, impediment to growth and development, etc. 5. Audio-visual lecture $(46.5\%)$ was most frequently used as a method of education, followed by lecture. 6. $72.7\%$ of the programs used classroom as a unit of education, while collective education by sex or by grade accounted for $22.6\%$. 7. Video $(51.0\%)$ was the most popular medium for education, while computer ranked second with $26.5\%$. 8. $92.5\%$ of the education was offered by school nurses. 9. $99.2\%$ of school nurses responded in favor of anti-smoking programs. with $60.1\%$ of them answering that such education is a must. 5th grade was the most commonly cited grade for the initiation of the programs, followed by 4th grade and 6th grade. $33.2\%$ picked two hours as the most appropriate length of the program at the elementary school level. while $25.1\%$ chose 3 hours out of the range of 1-11 hour(s). 10. With regard to the evaluation by school nurses on smoking-prevention program, more than $30\%$ felt that hours of education, education materials, medium of education, interests of other teachers, interests of school authorities, etc. were inadequate or insufficient.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.7 no.11
• /
• pp.1597-1609
• /
• 2004

A lot of lipreading system has been proposed to compensate the rate of speech recognition dropped in a noisy environment. Previous lipreading systems work on some specific conditions such as artificial lighting and predefined background color. In this paper, we propose a real-time lipreading system which allows the motion of a speaker and relaxes the restriction on the condition for color and lighting. The proposed system extracts face and lip region from input video sequence captured with a common PC camera and essential visual information in real-time. It recognizes utterance words by using the visual information in real-time. It uses the hue histogram model to extract face and lip region. It uses mean shift algorithm to track the face of a moving speaker. It uses PCA(Principal Component Analysis) to extract the visual information for learning and testing. Also, it uses HMM(Hidden Markov Model) as a recognition algorithm. The experimental results show that our system could get the recognition rate of 90% in case of speaker dependent lipreading and increase the rate of speech recognition up to 40～85% according to the noise level when it is combined with audio speech recognition.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.10 no.11
• /
• pp.89-99
• /
• 2012

Purpose - Mobile devices, especially mobile terminals capable of telecommunication and wireless connectivity, are leading the advancements in consumer electronics. Digital convergence drives the functions of various devices, such as cellular phones, MP3 players, personal digital assistants, and gaming, into a single device. This trend would continue and applications such as digital audio and video streaming (including personalized content delivery mechanisms) would soon be on a handheld device. As customers want mobile convergence devices, manufacturers are driving new initiatives in the emerging mobile device market. Given the roles played by device design and service content in user satisfaction of a mobile convergence device, this study focuses on identifying and measuring the constructs for the process by which user satisfaction is achieved. This study synthesizes the expectation-disconfirmation paradigm with empirical theories in user satisfaction. Device and service levels are separated, and nine key constructs for user satisfaction of mobile convergence devices are proposed. Insight into this process could help web-based businesses to improve user satisfaction, thus enhancing the effectiveness of e-commerce for sellers and buyers. Research design, data, methodology - This study draws on three users of mobile convergence devices as examples. To test there search model and hypotheses, survey questionnaires were sent to 607 mobile device users. Mobile device users were initially identified from several members, and subjects were randomly drawn. Data from 577 survey responses were finally analyzed. The unit of measurement and analysis in this research study is at a personal level. Results - The measurements for the constructs were developed and tested in a two-phase study. In the first phase, the device and service dimensions were identified, and instruments for measuring them were developed and tested. In the second phase, using the salient dimensions of the device and service as the formulating first-order factors, instruments were developed and empirically tested to measure satisfaction of the device and service. In measuring satisfaction of mobile convergence devices, the critical tasks are to identify the key constructs of such user satisfaction and to develop validated instruments to measure them. Hence, the results of this study have immediate implications for businesses and for research in user satisfaction of mobile convergence devices. Conclusions - This study provides reliable instruments for operationalizing key constructs in the analysis of user satisfaction of mobile convergence devices within the expectation-disconfirmation paradigm. Hence, convergence device makers will be able to examine whether their websites meet their customers' expectations by examining the device aspect of the mobile convergence device customers, and the service aspect expectations and disconfirmation. Moreover, the introduction of expectation and disconfirmation constructs brings the marketing aspect of convergence devices into focus for such retailers, an aspect crucial to the effective design of websites for online businesses. In addition,this study provides the metrics required to initiate future studies on user satisfaction of mobile convergence devices.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.459-476
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study is to suggest a new direction in using LOGO as a gifted education program and to seek an effective approach for LOGO teaching and learning, by analyzing the strategic thinking of mathematically gifted elementary students. This research is exploratory and inquisitive qualitative inquiry, involving observations and analyses of the LOGO Project learning process. Four elementary students were selected and over 12 periods utilizing LOGO programming, data were collected, including screen captures from real learning situations, audio recordings, observation data from lessons involving experiments, and interviews with students. The findings from this research are as follows: First, in LOGO Project Learning, the mathematically gifted elementary students were found to utilize such strategic ways of thinking as inferential thinking in use of prior knowledge and thinking procedures, generalization in use of variables, integrated thinking in use of the integration of various commands, critical thinking involving evaluation of prior commands for problem-solving, progressive thinking involving understanding, and applying the current situation with new viewpoints, and flexible thinking involving the devising of various problem solving skills. Second, the students' debugging in LOGO programming included comparing and constrasting grammatical information of commands, graphic and procedures according to programming types and students' abilities, analytical thinking by breaking down procedures, geometry-analysis reasoning involving analyzing diagrams with errors, visualizing diagrams drawn following procedures, and the empirical reasoning on the relationships between the whole and specifics. In conclusion, the LOGO Project Learning was found to be a program for gifted students set apart from other programs, and an effective way to promote gifted students' higher-level thinking abilities.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.411-421
• /
• 2002

This study investigated small group processes in paired think-aloud problem solving. Two high school chemistry classes were assigned to St-SL group (using Strategy-Solve Listener) and SL group (Solver Listener), and their small-group behaviors were audio/video taped. Verbal behaviors of solver and listener in respect to 4 problem-solving stages and performance levels at each stage were analyzed. At the understanding stage, listeners in the St-SL group exhibited more behaviors of agreement to solver's understanding processes about given and goal of problem. As regards recalling a related law at the planning stage, solvers in the St-SL group exhibited more behaviors of modification based on listener's questions or pointing out. These verbal interactions seemed to have a positive effect on students' deriving the physical quantity with the proper laws. Few in both SL and St-SL groups exhibited the behaviors regarding setting up subgoals. No verbal behavior was observed in the SL group at the reviewing stage, and solvers in the St-SL group tended to ask for listener's agreement. However, only few performed the strategy explaining the meaning of answer at the molecular level correctly through the interactions. The St-SL group perceived that the understanding stage was the most helpful and that the planning or reviewing stages were difficult to apply.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.124-139
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to understand the influence of the inclusive leader on group interactions in scientific inquiry experiments emphasizing group interactions. For this purpose, the students' verbal interaction patterns in groups with inclusive leaders were compared with those of groups with normal leaders and the inclusive leaders' influence on the progress of group interactions was analyzed extensively. This study focused on interactions of four small groups of seventh graders, with two having inclusive leaders and two having normal leaders. Students were involved in seven science classes for three weeks and students' interactions in each class were observed and recorded using video/audio. The data recorded was transcribed. Analysis of verbal interaction patterns showed that the small group with the inclusive leader had a more positive atmosphere and highly structured interactions. Results of the study showed that interactions of small groups with inclusive leaders were sustained for longer times, since the inclusive leaders initiated and expanded interactions. The inclusive leaders behaved with consideration of the feelings of other members in sharing their roles or facing critical situations. In addition, although they sometimes gave pressured other members to get them to participate, the pressure did not discourage their interaction as opposed to the emotional pressure that normal leaders would exert. The inclusive leaders were pleased with small-group interactions and activities. They considered the feelings of the other members and respected others' opinions. Such characteristics of inclusive leaders preserved a positive atmosphere and produced more high-level interactions. Thus, the groups that inclusive leaders had influenced had a pleasant and significant learning experience. Educational implications of characteristics of the inclusive leader and the organization of groupings were drawn.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
• /
• v.31 no.5_6
• /
• pp.268-278
• /
• 2004

In this paper, we describe our experience in the design and implementation of the SMART file system to handle multimedia workload. Our work has three design objectives: (ⅰ) efficient support for sequential workload, (ⅱ) avoiding disk fragmentation, (ⅲ) logical unit based file access. To achieve these three objectives, we develop a file system where a file consists of linked list of Data Unit Group. Instead of tree like structure of the legacy Unix file system, we use single level file structure. Our file system can also access the file based upon the logical unit which can be video frame or audio samples. Data Unit Group is a group of logical data units which is allocated continuous disk blocks. At the beginning of each Data Unit Group, there exists an index array. Each index points to the beginning of logical data units, e.g. frames in the Data Unit Group. This index array enables the random access and sequencial access of semantic data units. SMART file system is elaborately tailored to effectively support multimedia workload. We perform physical experiments and compare the performance of SMART file system with EXT2 file system and SGI XFS file system. In this experiment, SMART file system exhibits superior performance under streaming workload.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.20
• /
• pp.5-27
• /
• 2010

This paper studies the relation between canonical/variegated babble (CB/VB) and early speech in an infant acquiring Mandarin Chinese from 9 to 17 months. The infant was audio-and video-taped in her home almost every week. The data analyzed here come from 1,621 utterances extracted from 23 sessions ranging from 30 minutes to one hour, from age 00:09;07 to 01:05;27. The data was digitized, and segments from 23 sessions were transcribed in narrow IPA and coded for analysis. Babble was coded from age 00:09;07 to 01:00;00, and words were coded from 01:00;00 to 01:05;27, proto-words appeared at 11 months, and some babble was still present after 01:10;00. 3821 segments were counted in CB/VB utterances, plus the segments found in 899 word tokens. The data transcription was completed and checked by the author and was rechecked by two other researchers who majored in Chinese phonetics in order to ensure the reliability, we reached an agreement of 95.65%. Mandarin Chinese is phonetically very rich in consonants, especially affricates: it has aspirated and unaspirated stops in labial, alveolar, and velar places of articulation; affricates and fricatives in alveolar, retroflex, and palatal places; /f/; labial, alveolar, and velar nasals; a lateral;[h]; and labiovelar and palatal glides. In the child's pre-speech phonetic repertoire, 7 different consonants and 10 vowels were transcribed at 00:09;07. By 00:10;16, the number of phones was more than doubled (17 consonants, 25 vowels), but the rate of increase slowed after 11 months of age. The phones from babbling remained active throughout the child's early and subsequent speech. The rank order of the occurrence of the major class types for both CB and early speech was: stops, approximants, nasals, affricates, fricatives and lateral. As expected, unaspirated stops outnumbered aspirated stops, and front stops and nasals were more frequent than back sounds in both types of utterances. The fact that affricates outnumbered fricatives in the child's late babble indicates the pre-speech influence of the ambient language. The analysis of the data also showed that: 1) the phonetic characteristics of CB/VB and early meaningful speech are extremely similar. The similarities of CB/VB and speech prove that the two are deeply related; 2) The infant has demonstrated similar preferences for certain types of sounds in the two stages; 3) The infant's babbling was patterned at segmental level, and this regularity was similarly evident in the early speech of children. The three types being coronal plus front vowel; labial plus central and dorsal plus back vowel exhibited much overlap in the phonetic forms of CB/ VB and early speech. So the child's CB/ VB at this stage already shared the basic architecture, composition and representation of early speech. The evidence of similarity between CB/VB and early speech leaves no doubt that phones present in CB/VB are indeed precursors to early speech.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.3-23
• /
• 2021

Telemedicine is a field of medicine in which medicine doctors who are in remote distance can treat the patients using audio, video devices which can help the diagnosis. In medicine, even the face-to-face diagnosis and treatment is the traditional way, the telemedicine could provide the convenient way for the patients in long distance, disabled or anyone who want to be stay ones' home. But telemedicine has the task to maintain the quality of medical cares compare with the traditional medicine. Among the several types of telemedicine, the specific type telemedicine in which the medicine doctors examine, diagnosis and do the prescription to the remotely distanced patients could be defined tele-prescription. Under The Medical Service act, it is unclear that teleprescription could be allowed. The Medical Service Act has introduced the specific clause for the prescription. That clause includes the duty of patients who have to receive the prescriptions directly from medical doctors. Under this clause, the constitutional court had decided the tele-prescription was illegal, but the supreme court has been decided tele-prescription could be legalized under the certain circumstances. But the other supreme court decided the tele-prescription was illegal under the article 34 of presenting Medical Service Act. So to understand the interpretations of Supreme court and Constitutional court decisions for the cases of prescription via telephone, we need to understand the history and presented reasons for the revision of prescription clause and also need to understand the other related clauses in the same act. In conclusion, To consider the values of telemedicine should be the level with the ordinary treatments, It is reasonable to interpret that the presenting Medical Service Act only legalize the telemedicine between doctor to doctor and which is regulated by the telemedicine clause.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.69-87
• /
• 2019

As the discussions on sharing research data prevail by the chance of the inauguration of the International Open Data Charter, research support organizations in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan are encouraging researchers to deposit their findings in a credible repository. Humanities and social sciences field, in which research data sharing culture and storage infrastructure are immature compared to life science and natural science, also needs to establish and operate a reliable storage infrastructure to guarantee the continuous access and utilization of data. This study analyzed the overall operational status of 305 subject repositories registered in re3data for the humanities and social sciences and clustered them according to the operational level using 5 indicators. As a result, 70% of the population were identified as universal clusters, and 20% of the excellent cluster was found to have the largest number of linguistic fields and the German-operated. In addition, this study confirmed through correspondence analysis that there is a relation between the sub-theme fields of humanities and social sciences and the types of data to be archived. The history and art domians are related to images, and social studies are related to statistical data. Linguistics has also been analyzed to be related to audio, plain text, and code.