• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.75-85
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• 2021

Purpose: This study is focused on analyzing the key reasons why One-brand Shop has been shrinking and Multi-brand shop is rising from the perspective of the trend changes of customer behavior and distribution channel in the Korean cosmetic market. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors influencing the attractiveness of cosmetics distribution channels from a store perspective and a consumer perspective. Research methodology: This study conducted a survey to define the factors that influence the attractiveness of cosmetics distribution channels. A total of 300 samples were investigated. Results: The store factors that influence the attractiveness of the cosmetics distribution channel were product quality, shopping convenience, and store accessibility in the group of single-brand store preferences, and product diversity and store experience in the group of multi-brand store preferences. Conclusions: Core competing factors of One-brand shop include product value, shopping convenience and accessibility. In contrast, Multi-Brand shops offer core competing factors of diversified product portfolio and shop function experience. A new trend has been found that the customer segments of the price-oriented group and the pleasure-oriented group have become the mainstream segments in the Korean cosmetic market. In conclusion, Multi-brand Shops are suggesting better overall customer experiences in terms of distribution channel attractiveness and customer values.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2022

The attractiveness of e-sports games¹ and the way it is spread has changed in recent years. Instead of conventional approaches, such as advertising campaigns or televised events, spectators are increasingly drawn to online platforms, which offer more opportunities for communication. Besides live streaming services like Twitch. tv, where spectators can watch matches in real-time or via recorded videos, social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter are now adding e-sports related content to their networks [1]. Especially the combination of live streams on Twitch, Twitter, and Facebook opens many possibilities regarding how information is shared. This might be an efficient way of spreading attractiveness among female audiences. This paper focuses on the attractiveness of e-sports events in general for females. It has been hypothesized that there are certain factors that influence this attractiveness. Studying past research papers and online resources, three factors were identified: The players' behavior and charisma, the impact of social media as well as videogames themselves. It is found that females are attracted to e-sport games because they allow them to engage more in the game compared to other videogames. This is because there are no time constraints that require players to accomplish certain tasks within a specific time frame. As such, female gamers can choose how much effort they want to put into the game depending on their personal preferences.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.61-69
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• 2022

Purpose: Technological developments make the business competition even tighter. Digitalization makes it easier for business people in their efforts to encourage the formation of consumer buying behavior because of the availability of effective and efficient means of delivering information to be used to make purchasing decisions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of E-Wom and Website Attractiveness on E-Trust and Purchase Decision of online sales on Instagram with innovation acting as a moderating variable. Research design, data and methodology: This research sample is 170 Instagram users who have made online purchases from the local fashion brand. This research is quantitative explanative with data collection using questionnaires and analysis techniques using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach using AMOS. Results: The results showed that E-wom had a significant positive effect on Purchase decisions. Web Attractiveness has no significant effect on Purchase Decision. Ewom has a significant positive effect on E-trust. Web Attractiveness has a significant positive effect on E-trust. E-Trust has no significant effect on purchase decisions. Conclusions: Innovation can moderate the effect of E-trust on Purchase decisions. Purchase Decisions can be influenced by E-wom and E-trust, but not Web Attractiveness.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.11-18
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• 2022

Recently, the relevance of the Air Quality Index considering major factors related to the air environment and the local economy and community was analyzed in abraod. In Korea, a comprehensive air-quality index has been proposed. In this study, the comprehensive air-quality index and the index that can integrate Gross Domestic Product per capita were summarized as regional attractiveness. As a result of the analysis, Ulsan, Chungnam, Seoul, Chungbuk, and Jeonnam had the highest Gross domestic product per capita, and Jeju, Gyeongnam, and Gyeongbuk had the best Comprehensive air-quality index, and Ulsan had the highest attractiveness. As a result of the correlation analysis, it was found that there was no correlation between the two variables, Gross domestic product per capita and Comprehensive air-quality index, because various factors such as topographical characteristics, hazardous substances, and local government's efforts were not taken into account. As a result of sensitivity analysis, Ulsan had the highest sensitivity and variance for Gross domestic product per capita and Comprehensive air-quality index. As for the relative ratio of attractiveness between regions, Ulsan's attractiveness was 2.95 times that of Daegu's, indicating a large difference between regions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.711-720
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of hotel employees' physical attractiveness on person-job fit and to empirically analyze whether self-esteem and self-efficacy play a mediating role in the causality between an employee's physical attractiveness and person-job fit. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 345 employees and the data were analyzed by frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The primary results were as follows: Multiple regression analysis showed that hotel employee physical attractiveness had a positive significant influence on self-esteem ($\beta=.504$, p<.001) and self-efficacy ($\beta=.441$, p<.001). Also, employee selfesteem ($\beta=.281$, p<.001) and self-efficacy ($\beta=.478$, p<.001) each had a positive significant influence on person-job fit. As a result of analyzing the mediating role, the effect of hotel employees' physical attractiveness on person-job fit was partially mediated by self-esteem and self-efficacy.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.61-81
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• 2007

Recently, use of foreign models and foreign language in advertising is a general trend in Korea even though the effect has not been well-known..Most of the previous research shows rather an opposite effect claiming marketing communication is more effective when higher congruity between marketing communication and consumer's cultural values are achieved. However, the introduction of global culture due to the expansion of new media such as Internet or cable television makes the congruity not the best choice of marketing strategy. In addition, use of highly attractive models in advertising to increase the effect of advertising is general. However, recent studies show that targeted women audience tend to compare themselves to the highly attractive models and do experience negative sentiment. Bower (2001) proved the difference between 'comparer' and 'noncomparer' when women face highly attractive models. The results show that a comparer who has an intention to compare highly attractive model (HAM) with herself has a significantly negative effect on model expertise, product argument, product evaluation and buying intention. Therefore, HAM is not always a good choice and model attractiveness plays a role in the processing other cues or changing the advertising effect from result of processing other cues. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the use of foreign language on the advertising response of the audience with regard of the model attractiveness. For the empirical study, the virtual advertising using foreign models (HAM, NAM), brand names and slogans(Korean, English) were used as stimuli. The respondents of each stimulus were 75('HAM-Korean'), 75('NAM-Korean'), 66('HAM-English') and 66 ('NAM-English') respectively. To establish the effect of marketing communication, the attitude for media(AM), the attitude for product(AP), targetedness(TD), overall quality(OQ), and purchase intention(PI) with 7 point likert scale were measured. The manipulation was verified to check the difference between HAM attractiveness assessment (m=3.27) and NAM attractiveness assessment (m=5.12). The mean difference was statiscally significant (p<.05). As a result, all consequences were significantly changed with model attractiveness, and overall quality evaluation(OQ) were significantly changed with language. The interaction effect from model attractiveness and language was significant on attitude toward the product(AP) and purchase intention(PI). To analyze the difference, the mean values and standard deviation of consequences were compared. The result was more positive when model attractiveness was high for all consequences. For language effect, the assessment was more positive when English was used for OQ. Considering model attractiveness and language simultaneously, HAM-Korean was more positive for AP and PI, and NAM-English was more positive for AP and PI. In other words, the interaction effect was confirmed by model attractiveness and language. As mentioned above, use of foreign models and foreign language in advertising was explained by cultural match up hypothesis (Leclerc et al. 1994) which claimed that culture of origin effect. In other words, in advertising, use of same cultural language with the foreign model could make positive assessment for OQ. But this effect was moderated by model attractiveness. When the model attractiveness was low, the use of English makes PI high because of the effect of foreign language which supported the cultural match up hypothesis. When the model attractiveness was low, the use of Korean made AP and PI high because the effect of foreign language was diluted. It was a general notion that the visual cues got processed before (Holbrook and Moore, 1981; Sholl et al, 1995) compared to linguistic cues. Therefore, when consumers were faced HAM, so much perception was already consumed at processing visual cues making their native language of Korean to strongly and positively connected with the advertising concept. On the contrary, when consumers were faced with NAM, less perception was consumed compared to HAM, making English to accompany cultural halo effect which affected more positively. Therefore, when foreign models were employed in advertising, the language must be carefully selected according to the level of model attractiveness.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.29-42
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• 2011

With the many advantages of the internet, online shopping has become one of the fastest growing types of retail businesses. However, internet-based firms are much more firmly required to retain existing customers rather than secure new ones, and to make them revisit the site by strengthening trust and loyalty, thereby improving profits and outrivaling competitors. Commitment is an essential part of successful long-term relationships between buyers and sellers. Although commitments by both parties in an exchange can provide the foundation for the development of relational social norms, disproportionate commitments can lead to opportunism by the less committed partner. Moreover, flow, which is characterized by intense concentration and enjoyment, was found to be significantly linked with exploratory use behavior, which in turn was linked to the extent of computer use. The level of flow was, itself, determined by the individual's sense of being in control, and the level of challenge perceived in maneuvering a website. Website attractiveness goes hand in hand with the attractiveness of an internet shopping mall, and it can be conceptualized as the persuasive effectiveness of a message by the use of familiarity, favor, similarity, etc. It occurs when information receivers try to achieve self-satisfaction when they actually or emotionally identify themselves with an information source. This study investigates the relationship between the perceived system characteristics of an internet shopping mall and the loyalty of online consumers, and it examines how perceived website attractiveness and flow play mediating roles between the perceived system characteristics of an internet shopping mall and the affective commitment in the context of a clothes internet shopping mall. For these purposes, a structural model comprising several variables was developed. That model was tested with an analysis of moment structure (AMOS) using data from respondents who had purchased clothing through the internet during the past three months. In this model, the perceived system characteristics of an internet shopping mall, such as familiarity, reputation, uniqueness, positive emotions, self-efficacy, and interactivity, were proposed to affect the website's attractiveness and flow, and lead to a higher affective commitment over time. Thus, the perceived website attractiveness and flow were proposed as core mediating variables between perceived system characteristics and affective commitment. The results of a reliability test using Cronbach's Alpha, and a confirmatory factor analysis warranted using unidimensionality for the measures for each construct. In addition, the nomological validity of the measures was warranted from the results of a correlation analysis. The results of empirical analyses indicated that systematic attributes resulting in website attractiveness and user's characteristics, thereby triggering customers' flow, play a crucial role in inducing customers' affective commitment, and a user's characteristics are twice as important as systematic attributes in this study. Moreover, familiarity, reputation, and uniqueness all have a significant effect on website attractiveness, and the research showed that uniqueness took the first place, and that familiarity and reputation followed in order of magnitude. The fact that reputation was not the most important factor that affects the attractiveness of an internet shopping mall, with uniqueness or familiarity having a greater impact, suggests much deeper implications. Finally, positive emotion, self-efficacy, and interactivity all have a significant effect on customers' flow. In particular, the fact that positive emotion, compared to self-efficacy or interactivity, has much more impact on flow is very suggestive.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.799-808
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• 2013

Previous research reported that body size measured as Body Mass Index (BMI) and body shape measured as waist-hip-ratio (WHR) are two essential factors that form the perceptions of body attractiveness. However, the debate on the importance of BMI versus WHR is ongoing. In addition, scholarly articles, that focus on the role of geographic and cultural variability on perceptions of attractiveness, report inconsistent results. Some suggested that according to globalization and the rise of mass media, geographic variability of perceptions of attractiveness have been altered, while others believed that it remains. This study cross-regionally investigates the role of body size and body shape on the perceptions of female attractiveness. Samples were composed of 107 female college students in Alabama and 107 female college students in California. Participants viewed 27 three-dimensional body scan images of women in three body shapes (pear, hourglass, and rectangle) and three body sizes (underweight, normal weight, and overweight) and rated their perceptions of attractiveness. Images were shown to students in a random order with an overhead projector and Microsoft Office PowerPoint software. A three-way mixed-ANOVA was conducted to analyze the data. The results of the study showed that some regional differences exist between the two sample groups. However, regardless of the regional difference, hourglass shapes were perceived to be the most attractive shape and underweight sizes were perceived to be the most attractive size for both samples.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.131-146
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• 2001

The main purpose of this study, based on implicit personality theory and attribution theory, was to examine whether there exist the physical attractiveness stereotype, "what is beautiful is good," in the present Korea, and if exist, what is the content of it. The index of the physical attractiveness of this study was the facial attractiveness judged by 30 female university students. The appropriateness of clothing was manipulated by 4 types of clothing perceived appropriate for two assumed situations by female university students. Three female faces having high, medium, and low attractiveness were simulated with the same body dressed four types of clothing using CAD system, and a total of 12 stimulus persons were created. A total of 524 male and female(262 of male, 262 of female) university students from 3 universities in Kwangju, Korea were participated as subjects in this study. The design for the experiment was a 3$\times$4$\times$2 randomaized factorial, with three levels of facial attractiveness (high, medium, low), and four types attire(formal-masculine, formal-feminine, casual-masculine, casual-feminine), two kinds of context (job interview, dating) in which perceptions were occurred. The data were analysed using factor analysis, MANOVA, t-test and Duncan test. The results were as follows: 1. The facial attractiveness exerted significant positive effects on the evaluation of sociability, adjustment, and potency of her in both of two assumed situations (p<.001, respectively). 2. The appropriateness of stimulus person′s clothing had significant positive erect on the evaluation of sociability of stimulus person in dating context(p<.001). 3. The gender of subjects did not influenced the trait evaluations in both of two assumed situations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.85-95
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to research appearance management behaviors through their interests in appearance and the degree of their management among the undergraduates to research the effects of sociocultural attitudes toward appearance, self-esteem, and perceptive physical attractiveness on their face and hair management behaviors and to provide the effective data to form the marketing strategies for the beauty and fashion markets for the undergraduates. Total 900 questionnaires were distributed to the female/male undergraduates students in Daegu and Gyungbuk. 873 questionnaires out of 900 were collected and 825 questionnaires were selected as the final objects of this study. Frequency analysis, factor analysis, and Cronbach a were used to analyze the data using SPSS 12.0 statistics program. To examine the effects among variables, univariate analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis were conducted. The followings are the findings of analyzing and considering the research results through statistically processing each variable and those of the existing researches. 1. In terms of face management behaviors, internalization and awareness as sociocultural attitudes and social physical attractiveness among physical attractiveness perceptive showed positive effects. 2. In hair management behaviors, social physical and personal physical attractiveness out of physical attractiveness perceptive seemed to have positive effects.