• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.52.2-52.2
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• 2018

The shape of a galaxy's spectral energy distribution ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to infrared (IR) wavelengths provides crucial information about the underlying stellar populations, metal contents, and star-formation history. Therefore, analysis of the SED is the main means through which astronomers study distant galaxies. However, interstellar dust absorbs and scatters UV and optical light, re-emitting the absorbed energy in the mid-IR and Far-IR. I present the updated 3D Monte-Carlo radaitive transfer code MoCafe to compute the radiative transfer of stellar, dust emission through a dusty medium. The code calculates the emission expected from dust not only in pure thermal equilibrium state but also in non-thermal equilibrium state. The stochastic heating of very small dust grains and/or PAHs is calculated by solving the transition probability matrix equation between different vibrational, internal energy states. The calculation of stochastic heating is computationally expensive. A pilot study of radiative transfer models of SEDs in clumpy (turbulent), galactic environments, which has been successfully used to understand the Calzetti attenuation curves in Seon & Draine (2016), is also presented.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.1 s.47
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• pp.33-39
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• 2006

Parameters including the seismic sources and the elastic wave propagation characteristics were analysed using the observed ground motions from 3 Kyoungju region earthquakes. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was applied to invert all the variables non-linearly and simultaneously with S wave energy In frequency domain. Average stress drop of 3 events and local attenuation parameter ${\kappa}$ were estimated to about 48-bar and 0.0312 respectively. Regional attenuation parameter, Qo and ${\eta}$, were also estimated to be about 417 and 0.83. ${\kappa}$ values are much higher than that of EUS, even though smaller than that of WUS. All these values resultant from this study show that there are differences in some parameters of other studios due to differences in the governing equation. of acceleration motions

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.59-70
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• 2003

We estimated the spectrum decay parameter $\chi$ and the stress parameter ($\Delta$$\sigma$) in southeastern Korea. Especially, we propose a procedure to compute site-independent $\chi$$_{q}$ and dependent $\chi$$_{s}$ values, separately, This procedure is to use the coda normalization method for the computation of site independent Q or corresponding $\chi$$_{q}$ value as the first step followed by the next step, the computation of $\chi$$_{s}$ values for each site using the given $\chi$$_{q}$ value evaluated at the first step, For the estimation of stress parameter, we used seismic data monitored from three earthquakes occurred near Gyeongju in 1999 with the method of Jo and Baag, In addition, we simulated strong ground motion using the $\chi$ value and the stress parameter, In this case, we calculated the $\chi$ value with conventional method. The $\chi$ value of 0.016+0.000157R and the stress parameter of 92-bar was applied to the stochastic simulation, At last, we derived seismic attenuation equation using results of the stochastic prediction, and compared these results with some others reported previously.ported previously.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2014

It is necessary to perform a dynamic analysis to numerically evaluate the effect of blasting on nearby facilities. The blast load time history, which cannot be directly measured, is most often determined from empirical equation. The load has to be adjusted to account for various factors influencing the load and the frequency, but there is not a clear guideline on how to adjust the load. In this study, a series of 2D dynamic numerical analyses that simulates a closely monitored test blasting is performed, from which the blast load that matches the measured vibrations are derived. In the analyses, it is assumed that the hole generated by the blasting is in the form of a circle, and the load was applied normally to the wall of the opening. Special attention was given in selecting the damping ratio for the ground, since it has important influence on the wave propagation and attenuation characteristics of the blast induce waves. The damping ratio was selected such that it matches favorably with the attenuation curve of the measurement. The analyses demonstrate that the empirical blast load widely used in practice highly overstimates the vibration since it does not account for the energy loss due to rock fragmentation. If the empirical load is used without proper adjustment, the numerical analysis may seriously overstimate the predicted vibration, and thus has to be reduced in the analysis.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

In general, the seismic intensity deduced from instrumental data has been evaluated from the empirical relation between the intensity and the PGA. From the point of view that the degree of earthquake damage is more closely associated with the seismic intensity than with the observed PGA, JMA developed the instrumental seismic intensity (JMA instrumental intensity) meter that estimate the real-time seismic intensity from the observed strong motion data to obtain a more correct estimate of earthquake damage. The purpose of the present study is to propose a practical application of the JMA instrumental intensity in Korea. Since the occurrence of strong earthquakes is scarce in the Korean Peninsula, there is an insufficiency of strong motion data. As a result, strong motion data were synthesized by a stochastic procedure to satisfy the characteristics of a seismic source and crustal attenuation of the Peninsula. Six engineering ground motion parameters, including the JMA instrumental intensity, were determined from the synthesized strong motion data. The empirical relations between the ground motion parameters were then analyzed. Cluster analysis to classify the parameters into groups was also performed. The result showed that the JMA acceleration ($a_0$) could be classified into similar group with the spectrum intensity and the relatively distant group with the CAV (Cumulative Absolute Velocity). It is thought that the $a_0$ or JMA intensity can be used as an alternative criterion in the evaluation of seismic damage. On the other hand, attenuation relation equations for PGA and $a_0$ to be used in the prediction of seismic hazard were derived as functions of the moment magnitude and hypocentral distance.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1993

A method and results of computations are presented for the 2-D seismic migration process in the frequency-wavenumber domain for the laterally and vertically inhomogeneous medium. In order to take the intrinsic attenuation effect into account in the migration process the complex-valued wave velocity is used in the wavefield extrapolation operator, improving the generalized frequency-wavenumber migration technique. The imaginary part of the complex-valued wave velocity includes the seismic quality factor Q value. In derivation of the solution of the wave equation for the medium of inhomogeneous wave velocity and anelasticity, the inhomogeneous medium is mathematically converted to an equivalent system which consists of a homogeneous medium of averaged slowness and an inhomogeneous distribution of hypothetical wave source. The strength of the hypothetical wave source depends on the deviation of squared slowness from the averaged value of the medium. Results of numerical computation using the technique show more distinct geologic images than those using the convensional generalized frequency-wavenumber migration. Especially, the obscured images due to the wave attenuation by anelasticity are restored to show sharp boundaries of structures. The method will be useful in the imaging of the reflection data obtained in the regions of possible petroleum or natural gas reservoir and of fractured zone.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.277-283
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• 2020

In order to improve the ground-motion prediction equation, which is an important factor in seismic hazard assessment, it is essential to obtain good quality seismic data for a region. The Korean Peninsula has an environment in which it is difficult to obtain strong ground motion data. However, because digital seismic observation networks have become denser since the mid-2000s and moderate earthquake events such as the Odaesan earthquake (Jan. 20, 2007, M_L 4.8), the 9.12 Gyeongju earthquake (Sep. 12, 2016, M_L 5.8), and the Pohang earthquake (Nov. 15, 2017, M_L 5.4) have occurred, some good empirical data on ground motion could have been accumulated. In this study, we tried to build a ground motion database that can be used for the development of the ground motion attenuation equation by collecting seismic data accumulated since the 2000s. The database was constructed in the form of a flat file with RotD50 peak ground acceleration, 5% damped pseudo-spectral acceleration, and meta information related to hypocenter, path, site, and data processing. The seismic data used were the velocity and accelerogram data for events over M_L 3.0 observed between 2003 and 2019 by the Korean National Seismic Network administered by the Korea Meteorological Administration. The final flat file contains 10,795 ground motion data items for 141 events. Although this study focuses mainly on organizing earthquake ground-motion waveforms and their data processing, it is thought that the study will contribute to reducing uncertainty in evaluating seismic hazard in the Korean Peninsula if detailed information about epicenters and stations is supplemented in the future.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.395-402
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• 2008

Road traffic noise causes considerable disturbance and annoyance in exposed inhabitants. Particularly, arterial road noise is a significant environmental problem in many urban areas in which higher traffic volume and higher car speed occur. Arterial road noise became the target of this investigation in Seoul, South Korea. Noise levels were measured at four points that were based on distance from roadside at the same measurement site and under the conditions as reported by the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) in 1999. The average noise levels ($L_{eq,1h}$) of the arterial road was 80.3 dBA at 5 m, 77.4 dBA at 10 m, 73.7 dBA at 20 m, 70.9 dBA at 30 m. A comparison between 1999 and 2008's measurement values has shown that in 2008 noise level is up by about 1.5 dBA, traffic volume has increased by about 15.7%, while car speed has decrease by about 8%. The relationship between 2008' measured values and predicted values using the NIER Equation is low under 10 m from the roadside. The influence range of arterial noise is calculated at 26 m for road noise limits in daytime. In relation to the comparison between traffic volume and noise level, the equivalence in traffic volume (Light car+10xHeavy car) is higher than other variables.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.1643-1646
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• 2003

Drawing is a mechanical operation that attenuates thick material to an appropriate thickness for the next processing or end usage. When the input material has the form of a bundle or bundles made of very thin and long shaped wire or fibers, this attenuation operation is called "bundle drawing" or "drafting" Drafting is being used widely in manufacturing staple yarns. which is indispensable for the textile industry. However, the bundle processed by this operation undertake more or less defects in the evenness of linear density. Such irregularities cause many problems not only for the product quality but also for the efficiency of the next successive processes. Since long there have been many researches tying to find out factors affecting the irregularity of linear desity, to obtain optimal drafting conditions, to develop efficient measuring and analysis methods of linear density of bundle, etc., but there exists yet no fundamental equation describing the dynamic behavior of the flowing bundle during processing. In this research a mathematical model for the dynamic behavior of the bundle fluid is to be set up on the basis of general physical lows representing physical variables, i.e. linear density and velocity as the dynamic state of bundle. The conservation of mass and momentum balance was applied to the fluid field of bundle. while the movement of′ individual material was taken into account. The constitutive model relating the surface force and the deformation of bundle was introduced by considering a representative prodedure that stands for the bundle movement. Then a fundamental equations system could be simplified considering a steady state of the process. On the basis of the simplified model, the simulation was performed and the results could be confirmed by the experiments under various conditions.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.47.3-48
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• 2021

We studied the large scale dynamo process in a system forced by helical magnetic field. The dynamo process is basically nonlinear, but can be linearized with 𝛼&𝛽 coefficients and large scale magnetic field $\bar{B}$. This is very useful to the investigation of solar (stellar) dynamo. A coupled semi-analytic equations based on statistical mechanics are used to investigate the exact evolution of 𝛼&𝛽. This equation set needs only magnetic helicity ${\bar{H}}_M({\equiv}{\langle}{\bar{A}}{\cdot}{\bar{B}}{\rangle},\;{\bar{B}}={\nabla}{\times}{\bar{A}})$ and magnetic energy ${\bar{E}}_M({\equiv}{\langle}{\bar{B}}^2{\rangle}/2)$. They are fundamental physics quantities that can be obtained from the dynamo simulation or observation without any artificial modification or assumption. 𝛼 effect is thought to be related to magnetic field amplification. However, in reality the averaged 𝛼 effect decreases very quickly without a significant contribution to ${\bar{B}}$ field amplification. Conversely, 𝛽 effect contributing to the magnetic diffusion maintains a negative value, which plays a key role in the amplification with Laplacian ∇²(= - k²) for the large scale regime. In addition, negative magnetic diffusion accounts for the attenuation of plasma kinetic energy E_V(= 〈 U² 〉/2) (U: plasma velocity) when the system is saturated. The negative magnetic diffusion is from the interaction of advective term - U • ∇ B from magnetic induction equation and the helical velocity field. In more detail, when 'U' is divided into the poloidal component U_pol and toroidal one U_tor in the absence of reflection symmetry, they interact with - B • ∇ U and - U • ∇ B from ∇ × 〈 U × B 〉 leading to 𝛼 effect and (negative) 𝛽 effect, respectively. We discussed this process using the theoretical method and intuitive field structure model supported by the simulation result.