• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.74-77
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• 2002

Chlorophyll (Chi) d was assigned to an antenna pigment of red algae in 1943, but its presence and function in red algae have not been necessarily clear for a long time. In 1996, it was shown that Chi d functioned as a major antenna pigment in a peculiar oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote, Acaryochloris marina, isolated as a symbiont of a colonial ascidian from coral reefs. This finding evoked the necessity for reexamination of the presence and function of Chi d in red algae. We found Chi d in methanol-extract from several marine red algae, and the relative content was high in one species, Ahnfeltiopsis flabelliformis. Absorption and fluorescence spectra, HPLC analysis, and NMR and mass spectroscopy characterized Chi d extracted from the red algal thalli, and those were essentially identical to those of Chi d isolated from A. marina. However, micro-spectrophotometric analysis suggested that Chi d was not an actual constituent of the red algae but came from epiphyte(s) attached to surface of red algal thalli.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1.1-1.7
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• 2017

A survey was conducted to investigate the presence of epiphytic organisms in four kelp Saccharina japonica farms in the coastal area of Korea from 2014 to 2015. Of 740 kelp samples that were taken, 208 exhibited six kinds of epiphytic organisms, including hydroid (detection rate: 11.6%), bryozoan (6.4%), polychaete (3.4%), algae (3.2%), caprellid (3%), and oyster (0.5%). The infestation rate for hydroid, bryozoan, and polychaete was significantly higher in the Wando farm, Busan farm, and Pohang farm, respectively. Epiphytic organisms were generally observed during May to September and not January to April, indicating that their infestation was significantly higher when the water had a higher temperature. The histopathogical examination revealed that hydroid and bryozoan organisms were attached on the cuticula of the thallus while some algae were attached on the cuticula of the thallus or had penetrated the epidermis. These results indicate that hydroid and bryozoan were the most predominant epiphytic organisms in Korean kelp farms, even though the infested thallus had not been broken.

• ALGAE
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.321-331
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• 2014

Vertebrata lanosa is an abundant and obligate red algal epiphyte of Ascophyllum nodosum that forms part of a complex and highly integrated symbiotic system that includes the ascomycete, Mycophycias ascophylli. As part of ongoing studies to resolve interactions among species in the symbiosis, we used pulse amplitude modulation fluorimetry of chlorophyll a fluorescence, from photosystem II (PSII), to measure the maximum quantum yield ($F_v/F_m$) of PSII [$QY(II)_{max}$] and relative photosynthetic electron transport rates (rETR), as a function of light intensity, in order to evaluate the photosynthetic capacity of the two algal symbionts in the field and in the laboratory under different treatments. Our primary question was 'Is the ecological integration of these species reflected in a corresponding physiological integration involving photosynthetic process?' In the laboratory we measured changes in $QY(II)_{max}$ in thalli of V. lanosa and A. nodosum over one week periods when maintained together in either attached or detached treatments or when maintained separated from each other. While the $QY(II)_{max}$ of PSII of A. nodosum remained high and showed no significant variation among treatments, V. lanosa showed decreasing performance in the following conditions: V. lanosa attached to A. nodosum, V. lanosa in the same culture, but not attached to A. nodosum, and V. lanosa alone. These results are consistent with observations in which rETR was reduced in V. lanosa maintained alone versus attached to A. nodosum. Values for $QY(II)_{max}$ in V. lanosa measured in the field in fully submerged thalli were similar to those measured in the laboratory when V. lanosa was attached to it obligate host A. nodosum. Our results provide evidence of a physiological association of the epiphyte and its host that reflects the known ecology.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.341-350
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• 2014

In this study, aquatic and aerial algae were collected in various environments in Hongcheon-river of Gangwan-do between December 2011 and June 2012, with the aim of adding newly described genera and species to the Korean flora. As a result, five genera and eight species were recorded for the first time in Korea. These newly recorded genera and species were Cylindrocapsa geminella, Leptosira mediciana, Pseudendoclonium basiliense var. brandii, Stichococcus minor, S. deasonii, Eustigmatos polyphem, Nephrodiella lunaris, and Xanthonema exile. The eight taxa identified in this study mostly corresponded to their reported morphological characteristics. However, some differences from previous published descriptions were found; N. lunaria, reported to be an aquatic species in a previous study, was found to be an aerial algae inhabiting on rocks and mosses. Cylindrocapsa geminella was found to transform into attached or planktonic algae depending on the environmental condition, and the cell wall was found to be changed. Likewise, E. polyphem was seen to change cell-shape or chloroplast color according to the environment.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.131-136
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• 1998

Attached algal community and several physico-chemicai characters were investigated at Seokjong hot spring in Chollabukdo in February and in April, 1997. The results of physico-chemicai factors are as follows : water temperatures were varied from 6.5$^{\circ}$C to 32.0$^{\circ}$C; pH range was 6.9 to 7.7; The levels of electric conductivity were 105 $\mu$mhos/cm to 477 $\mu$mhos/cm; chemical oxygen demand(COD) range was 1.5 mg/l to 21.2 mg/l; ammonia concentration was 0.20 mg/l to 8.74 mg/l; nitrate concentrations were 0.36 mg/l to 2.43 mg/l; phosphate concentration was N.D. to 0.52 mg/l; sulfur concentration was 14.6 mg/l to 66.1 mg/l. Attacched algal species were identified. Totally, 63 taxa were classified and composed of 4 phylum, 4 class, 10 order, 17 family and 31 genera. The total biomass of attacched algae was $1.036 \times 10^{7}$ cells/l that composed of $5.39 \times 10^{6}$ cells/l of blue-green algae, $4.05 \times 10^{6}$ cells/l of diatom and $0.93 \times 10^{6}$ cells/l of green algae. The succession of dominant species was Synechocystis thermalis. This could be due to the thermal wastewaters. in biotic indices tests, the values of dominance index(DI) were 0.33 to 0.67 in winter, 0.18 to 0.68 in spring. The values of diversity index(H') were 1.44 to 2.69 in winter, 1.62 to 2.89 in spring. And the values of eveness index (J) were 0.31 to 0.61 in winter, 0.37 to 0.65 in spring.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.173-177
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• 2004

The number and abundance of epiphytic algae growing on Sargassum thunbergii and their functional forms were examined. Thalli of S. thunbenii were collected on the nine islands of southern coast and at Gyeokpo on the western coast of Korea in summer 2001. A total of 25 species, 6 green (24%), 2 brown (8%), 17 red algae (68%) were identified in the present study. Caulacanthus okamurae, Ulva pertusa, Sphacelaria furcigera were found on the thalli of S. thunbegii that collected at the all regions. Caulacanthus okamurae, Champia bifida and Laurencia venusta grew on the lower parts of S. thunbergii thalli whereas, Polysiphonia spp. attached to the apical parts of the plants. Four functional forms, such as sheet-form (8%), filamentous-form (52%), coarsely branched-form (32%) and articulated-calcareous algal form (8%) were distinguished. The epiphytic algae on the thalli of S. thunbergii are mainly annual opportunistic algae, filamentous-form algae and smaller red algae. Also, most epiphytic seaweeds of S. thunbergii produce and release spores before pseudoperennial host plants are necrotic in late autumn.

• Proceedings of the Korean Sanitation Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.45-53
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• 2004

• ALGAE
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.145-151
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• 2002

Three species of marine algae, two browns and one red were newly reported from the eastern and the southern coast of Korea including Cheju Island. their vegetative and reproductive structures were described. Colpomenia phaeodactyla Wynne et J.N. Norris (Scytosiphonaceae, Phaeophyceae) commonly occured in middle to lower intertidal zone of southern coast. Plants consisted of clusters of elongated and hollow sacs arising from an adherent colpomenioid base. Plurilocular sporangia were multiseriate, forming dense, extensive sori over the erect sacs. Cutleria adspersa (Mertens ex Roth) De Notaris (Cutleriaceae, Phaeophyceae) was collected from subtidal region of Cheju Island. It was characterized by broadly fan-shaped habits with golden brown colour and hair-fringed margines, attached by rhizoids along undersurface. Halarachnion latissimum Okamura (Furcellariaceae, Rhodophyceae) was found adrift from several areas of southern coast. Plants were brownish red, filmy and dlicate, membranaceous roundish fronds. Cystocarps were globular and formed under the cortical layer. Tetrasporangia were oblong and zonately divided.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.220-225
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• 2007

The succession of marine benthic algae and the restoration of an artificial seaweed forest on a porous type (shaped half saw teeth) artificial reef at Jeju island, Korea was studied. Young thalli of Sargassum horneri and Ecklonia cava were attached to different artificial substrates. In general, the succession on the artificial reefs led from filamentous algae to perennial algae and involved more than 25 species that are useful fishery resources, including E. cava. Coralline algae were dominant on the artificial reefs at the Kangjung site. The maximum algal biomass on the artificial reef in October 2005 was $1,990g/m^2$ at Biyang. In conclusion, a climax community and seaweed forest can be attained one year after the substrate is constructed.

• ALGAE
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.105-113
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• 2010

A new red algal parasite, Symphyocolax koreana M. S. Kim, gen. et sp. nov., has been found on a specimen of Symphyocladia latiuscula (Harvey) Yamada, a member of the tribe Pterosiphonieae of the Rhodomelaceae; this genus has never before been reported to host red algal parasites. Here, the new parasite from Korea is described in terms of vegetative and reproductive morphology. The thallus has a minute, colored polysiphonous upright axis with many branches attached by pseudoparenchymatous pulvinate bases. There are six pericentral cells, with many corticated cells in the lower part of the main branches. Trichoblasts occur on dioecious male and female gametophytes, but not on tetrasporophytes. Procarps develop on suprabasal cells of trichoblasts and consist of a four-celled carpogonial branch and two sterile cells attached to the supporting cell. Spermatangial branches are borne one per each successive segment on monosiphonous pedicels in spiral positions with fertile trichoblast. Tetrasporangia are formed one per segment in a straight series and are tetrahedrally divided. Features of the vegetative axes, procarp, spermatangial trichoblasts, and tetrasporangial branching show that the new genus is an alloparasite belonging to the tribe Polysiphonieae.