• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.641-649
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• 2011

The aim of this study is to understand the characteristics of exhausting particulate matters (PM) and to control emitted PM from meat cooking restaurants. We found that $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{5.0}$ occupy 69.2% and 98.6% of total PM from pork cooking, respectively. Therefore, we can see that it is not easy to remove PM generated from a pork cooking process. The collection efficiencies of various control devices, which are a condensing scrubber, a cyclone, an impactor, an oil filter and an electrostatic precipitator (ESP), were measured and compared. ESP had the highest collection efficiency (88.6%) and condensing scrubber had the lowest one (68.0%). However, the system recovering property should be considered to choose a control device because PM from meat cooking process are extremely stickiness. Therefore, we can recommend that ESP following an impactor or a cyclone is the best combination to remove PM generated from meat cooking restaurants.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.627-641
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• 2006

Atmospheric $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were measured to investigate their levels and water-soluble ions(${SO_4}^{2-},\;{NO_3}^-,\;{NO_2}^-,\;Cl^-,\;{NH_4}^+,\;Na^+,\;Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+},\;and\;K^+$) in Daegu between February 17 and April 18, 2006. Four Asian dust episodes during the period were examined for the influence of Asian dust on the particulate properties. Daily $PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_{2.5-10}$ concentrations ranged between $10.83{\sim}136.76{\mu}g/m^3$ with a mean of $38.43{\mu}g/m^3$ and $16.13{\sim}409.13{\mu}g/m^3$ with a mean of $79.98{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. For all measured ions the mean fractions of $PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_{2.5-10}$ were 51.8% and 28.9% being lowered to 30.7% and 9.4%, respectively, during the dust episodes. Secondary ions (i.e., non-sea salt ${SO_4}^{2-},\;{NO_3}^-,\;and\;{NH_4}^+$) contributed 44.3% and 14.8% to $PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_{2.5-10}$, respectively, with a decreased contribution during the episodes. The average equivalent ratio of ${NH_4}^+$ to the sum of ${SO_4}^{2-}\;and\;{NO_3}^-$ was 0.99 and 0.89 for $PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_{2.5-10}$, respectively, indicating high source strength of $NH_3$ and its dominance in the neutralization of the acidic ions. Correlations and charge balance between ions suggest that neutralization of the acidic ions results in substantial depletions of carbonate both in $PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_{2.5-10}$ and chloride only in $PM_{2.5}$.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.322-329
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• 2017

Perturbation in ambient particulate matter ($PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10}$) and black carbon (BC) concentrations was studied during a firecracker bursting episode in Diwali (Festival of Lights) celebrations in Nagpur, India. Firecracker bursting resulted in greater escalation in fine particulates over coarse particulates while $PM_{2.5}$ was found to be dominated by $PM_1$ concentration. On the Diwali day, daily mean concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ exceeded Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standards by over 1.8 and 1.5 times, respectively, while daily mean BC concentration on the same day was almost two times higher than the previous day. The BC/$PM_1$ ratio reduced remarkably from about 0.26 recorded before fire-cracker bursting activity to about 0.09 during fire-cracker bursting on Diwali night in spite of simultaneous escalation in ambient BC concentration. Such aberration in BC/$PM_1$ was evidently a result of much higher escalation in $PM_1$ than BC in ambient air during firecracker bursting. The study highlighted strong perturbations in ambient $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10}$ concentrations and BC/$PM_1$ during the firecracker bursting episode. Altered atmospheric BC/$PM_1$ ratios could serve as indicators of firecracker-polluted air and similar BC/$PM_1$ ratios in local and regional air masses might be used as diagnostic ratios for firecracker smoke.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.697-705
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• 2012

Particulate matter (PM) data collected from the Urban Air Monitoring Network in Busan during the period from 2006 through 2010 were statistically examined and analyzed to estimate the probability of exceeding $PM_{2.5}$ 24 hour and annual standard to be implemented from January $1^{st}$, 2015. For Jangrimdong, Yeonsandong, Kijangeup, and Jwadong where simultaneous measurement of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ was conducted, the probability of exceeding $PM_{2.5}$ standards was estimated using $PM_{2.5}$ data measured on site. For other areas where there were no measured $PM_{2.5}$ data available, the probability of exceeding $PM_{2.5}$ standards was statistically estimated using $PM_{10}$ measured on site and $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratios obtained from the four stations where both $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were monitored simultaneously. At Jangrimdong, Yeonsandong, Kijangeup, and Jwadong, mean value of annual 99 percentile of 24 hr average $PM_{2.5}$ for 5 years from 2006 through 2010 was 99.3, 74.5. 57.0, and $62.5{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and the probability of exceeding $PM_{2.5}$ 24 hr standard was estimated at 100%. For areas where there were no measured $PM_{2.5}$ data available, the estimated probability of exceeding $PM_{2.5}$ 24 hr standard was more than 0.82. Mean value of annual average $PM_{2.5}$ from 2008 through 2010 was 31.7 and $27.6{\mu}g/m^3$ for Jangrimdong and Yeonsandong, respectively, which exceeded $PM_{2.5}$ annual standard of $25{\mu}g/m^3$. Mean value of annual average $PM_{2.5}$ during the same period for Kijangeup and Jwadong was 19.2 and $20.7{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, which satisfied $PM_{2.5}$ annual standard. For other areas where there were no measured $PM_{2.5}$ data available, the probability of exceeding $PM_{2.5}$ annual standard was more than 0.95 except Taejongdae and Kwangahndong. With $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ data measured at 17 Urban Air Monitoring Stations in Busan, the probability of exceeding $PM_{2.5}$ standards was estimated to be very high for almost all areas. This result indicates that proper measures to mitigate $PM_{2.5}$ in Busan should be investigated and established as soon as possible.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.86-96
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• 2011

The positive matrix factorization (PMF2) and multilinear engine (ME2) models have been shown to be powerful environmental analysis techniques and have been successfully applied to the assessment of ambient particulate matter (PM) source contributions. Because these models are difficult to apply practically, the US EPA developed a more user-friendly version of the PMF. The initial version of the EPA PMF model does not provide any rotational capabilities; for this reason, the model was upgraded to include rotational functions in the EPA PMF ver. 2.0. In this study, PMF and EPA PMF modeling identified ten particulate matter sources including secondary sulfate I, vehicle gasoline, secondary sulfate II, secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate III, incinerators, aged sea salt, airborne soil particles, oil combustion, and diesel emissions. All of the source profiles determined by the two models showed excellent agreement. The calculated average concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were consistent between the PMF2 and EPA PMF ($17.94{\pm}0.30{\mu}g/m^3$ and $17.94{\pm}0.30\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively). Also, each set of estimated source contributions of the PMF2 and EPA PMF showed good agreement. The results from the new EPA PMF version applying rotational functions were consistent with those of PMF2. Therefore, the updated version of EPA PMF with rotational capabilities will provide more reasonable solutions compared with those of PMF2 and can be more widely applied to air quality management.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.7-13
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• 2021

This study develops an artificial intelligence prediction system for Fine particulate Matter(PM2.5) based on the deep learning algorithm GAN model. The experimental data are closely related to the changes in temperature, humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure generated by the time series axis and the concentration of air pollutants such as SO2, CO, O3, NO2, and PM10. Due to the characteristics of the data, since the concentration at the current time is affected by the concentration at the previous time, a predictive model for recursive supervised learning was applied. For comparative analysis of the accuracy of the existing models, CNN and LSTM, the difference between observation value and prediction value was analyzed and visualized. As a result of performance analysis, it was confirmed that the proposed GAN improved to 15.8%, 10.9%, and 5.5% in the evaluation items RMSE, MAPE, and IOA compared to LSTM, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.439-458
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• 2005

An automated analysis system for water soluble constituents in $PM_{2.5}$ has been developed. The system consists of a high capacity multi tube diffusion scrubber (MTDS), a low temperature particle impactor (LTPI), and two ion (anion and cation) chromatography (IC) systems. Atmospheric particles have been collected by passing sample air through a thermostated MTDS followed by a LTPI. This system allows simultaneous measurements of soluble ions in $PM_{2.5}$ at 30 minutes interval. At the air sampling flow rate of 1.0L/min, the detection limits of the overall system are in the order of tens of $ng/m^3$. This system has been successfully used for the measurement of particulate components of Seoul air from April 2003 to January 2004. $SO_4^{2-},\;NO_3^-,\;NH_4^+,\;NO_2^-,\;Cl^-,\;Na^+,\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+},\;and\;Mg^{2+}$ are the major ionic species for $PM_{2.5}$ at Seoul. Among them, $SO_4^{2-},\;NO_3^-\;and\;NH_4^+$ are the most abundant ions, contributed up to $86\%$ of the total and the concentrations were higher than those in any other urban sites in the world except for Chinese cities. There are high pollutant episodes which contribute about $15\~20\%$ of annual average values of the major ions. During the episode, the all parcels were transported from the asian continent and $PM_{2.5}$ were significantly neutralized. This suggests that aged and long range transported pollutants caused the high pollutant episodes. They showed a distinct daily and seasonal variations:they showed a peak in the early morning caused by the night-time accumulation of particulate matters. Atmospheric reactions including gas-to-particle reactions and inter-particle reactions and meteorological parameters including relative humidity and ambient temperature were described with related to the $PM_{2.5}$ 5 concentrations. All of the ionic species showed higher concentrations during the spring than those for summer and winter.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.437-448
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to present the source contribution of the fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) in Chungju area using the CMB (chemical mass balance) method throughout the four seasons in Korea. The Chungju's annual average level of $PM_{2.5}$ was $48.2{\mu}g/m^3$, which exceeded two times higher than standard air quality. Among these particles, the soluble ionic compounds represent 54.2% of fine particle mass. Additionally, the OC concentration in Chungju stayed similar to other domestic cities, while the EC concentration decreased significantly compared to other domestic/international cities. The concentration of sulfur represented the highest composition (8%) among the fine particle compounds. According to the CMB results, the general trend of the $PM_{2.5}$ mass contributors was the following: secondary aerosols (50.5%: ammonium sulfate 26.5% and ammonium nitrate 24.0%) > gasoline vehicle (18.3%) > biomass burning (11.0%) > industrial boiler (6.0%) > diesel vehicles (4.4%). The contribution of the secondary aerosols was the main cause than others. This impact is assumed to be emitted from air pollutants of urban cities or neighbor countries such as China.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.713-721
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• 2013

This study is about emission characteristics of HAPs and particulate matters emitted by spray of paint and organic solvent usually used in vehicle paint facilities. To analyze emission characteristics of HAPs and particulate matters emitted from vehicle paint facilities are calculated based on the measuring emission quantity of pollutants based on the amount of paint used (kg) and unit area ($m^2$) by paint manufacturers (J company, K company, and R company). In cases of paint manufacturers (J, K, and R), average emission factors of VOCs, carbonyl compound, particulate matter, and PAHs per 1 kg of paint were 327.81 g/kg, 5.98 g/kg, 336.70 g/kg, and 0.0078 g/kg respectively. The average emission factors of VOCs, carbonyl compounds, particulate matters, and PAHs by unit area were $171.55g/m^2$, $3.10g/m^2$, $176.27g/m^2$, and $0.0036g/m^2$ respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 2023

Several challenges arise in DNA extraction and gene amplification for airborne fungal metagenome analysis from a particulate matter (PM) samples. In this study, various conditions were tested to optimize the DNA extraction method from PM samples and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions with primer set and annealing temperature. As a result of comparative evaluation of DNA extraction under various conditions, chemical cell lysis using buffer and proteinase K for 20 minutes and bead beating treatment were followed by using a commercial DNA extraction kit to efficiently extract DNA from the PM filter samples. To optimize the PCR conditions, PCR was performed using 10 primer sets for amplifying the ITS2 gene region. The concentration of the PCR amplicon was relatively high when the annealing temperature was 58℃ with the ITS3tagmix3/ITS4 primer set. Even under these conditions, when the concentration of the PCR product was low, nested PCR was performed using the primary PCR amplicon as the template DNA to amplify the ITS2 gene at a satisfactory concentration. Using the methods optimized in this study, DNA extraction and PCR were performed on 15 filter samples that collected PM2.5 in Seoul, and the ITS2 gene was successfully amplified in all samples. The optimized methods can be used for research on analyzing and interpreting the fungal metagenome of atmospheric PM samples.