• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.1073-1077
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• 2010

병원성과 독성을 포함하는 곰팡이속은 사람의 건강에 직접적인 영향을 끼치며, 수계에 분포할 경우 수처리 공정에서 소독과정을 방해할 뿐만 아니라 잔류염소의 유지를 어렵게 하여 여러 가지 맛과 냄새문제를 야기 시키는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 부산시 상수원으로 사용하고 있는 물금, 매리 지점을 대상으로 수계에 존재하는 곰팡이속에 대한 분포실태를 2009년 3월부터 10월까지 조사하였다. 곰팡이속은 4월에 최소, 9월에 최대 농도를 보이는 특성을 보였으며, 검출농도는 5~64 CFU/100 ml 범위로 분포하였다. 그리고 곰팡이 농도는 여러 가지 수질인자 가운데 수소이온농도, 수온 및 총대장균군과 상관관계를 보였으며 지점별로는 물금 지점이 매리 지점보다 개체수가 높게 나타났다. 검출되어진 곰팡이속을 대상으로 종 동정을 실시한 결과 Aspergillus fumigus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor pusillus, Penicillum notatum 등 9종이 분리되었으며, 이중 Aspergillus flavus, Penicillum notatum이 우점종으로 조사되었다. 그리고 지점별로는 물금에서 6종, 매리에서 9종이 검출되어 매리 지점이 물금 지점보다 종 수는 많은 것으로 확인되었다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.158-166
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• 2009

On the basis of morphological characteristics, of total 128 strains of from sputum of tuberculos inpatient were identified as A. fumigatus (61 strains), A. niger (37), A. flavus (26), A. versicolor (1), A. nidulans (1), A. clavatus (1) and Neosartorya fennelliae (1). These strains were re-identified according to recent Aspergillus classification system which is mainly based on molecular characteristics. The strains were grouped by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques. The representative strains from each group were sequenced with partial ${\beta}$-tubulin gene and compared with those of reference strains in the Aspergillus and were identified by the sequence. The identification was confirmed by morphology examination. As the results, they are reidentified as A. fumigatus (58), A. niger (11), A. tubingensis (26), A. flavus (27), A. sydowii (3), A. nidulans (1), A. clavatus (1) and Neosatorya fennelliae (1). This is the first report of A. tubuingensis in clinical field in Korea.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.282-288
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 순창지역에서 만들어지는 장류에서 곰팡이를 분리하고 동정하여 보다 안전하고 기능성이 높은 발효제품을 위한 균주를 확보하고자 하였다. 순창지역에서 생산되는 장류 제품으로부터 곰팡이를 분리하여 ${\beta}$-tubulin 유전자 분석 통해 10개의 균주가 Aspergillus oryzae/flavus complex임을 알 수 있었다. 보다 정확한 동정을 위하여 아플라톡신 클러스터 유전자 중에 하나인 omtA의 염기서열을 증폭하여 A. oryzae와 A. flavus 표준 균주의 omtA 서열과 함께 계통 분류한 결과, A. oryzae의 표준 균주와의 유연관계가 높음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 norB-cypA 사이의 염기서열을 증폭한 결과 500 bp이 증폭 산물이 확인되었는데 이는 표준 균주인 A. oryzae의 norB-cypA 사이의 염기서열 증폭 산물과 동일한 크기임을 확인할 수 있었다. A. oryzae로 확인된 10균주를 활용하여 코지를 제조하고 ${\alpha}$-amylase 활성과 protease 활성을 측정하였다. Protease 활성은 6, 13, 17, 27, 37, 그리고 38 균주로 제조된 코지는 대조구(시판되고 있는 종균으로 제작한 코지)보다 2배 정도 높은 protease 활성을 보였으며, ${\alpha}$-amylase 활성은 257~320 U/mL로 측정되었다. 식품안전성을 위한 아플라톡신 분비 확인 결과, 63번 균주로 제조된 코지를 제외한 모든 코지에서 아플라톡신을 만들지 않는 것으로 확인되어, 순창에서 분리된 A. oryzae는 추후 메주 접종균으로 개발할 수 있음을 보여주었다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 1988

성공적인 결핵치료에도 불구하고 계속적인 만성기침 또는 객담이 있거나 간헐적인 혈담 또 각혈이 있는 환자와 그외에도 진균감염이 의심되는 환자 등 총 1,192명을 대상으로 하여 모든 환자로부터 혈청을 채취하고 대부분의 환자로부터 객담이나 기타 병리가검물을 채취하여 흉부 x선소견과 함께 진균감염여부를 관찰하였다. 면역확산법검사에 의해 한가지 이상의 진균항원에 대해 양성반응을 나타내는 환자는 전체의 34.0%인 405명이고 그중에서 Aspergilli에 감염된 환자는 303명이었고, 대부분의 환자(287명)가 Aspergillus fumigatus에 감염되어 있고 그 다음은 Aspergillus flavus(1.7%) Aspergillus nidulans(0.3%), Aspergillus niger(0. 3%), Aspergillus nidulans var. latus(0.1%)순이며 Candida albicans(8.1%)에도 침강항체반응이 나타났으며 Pseudallerscheria boydii 드물게 분리되는데 9명(8.1%)에도 침강항체반응을 나타내었다. 침강항체반응 양성을 나타내는 186명의 흉부 x선사진에서 진균종 음영이 나타나는 환자가 47명이었고 이들 가운데서 45명이 A. fumigatus 의해 형성되었다. 진균감염 또는 미감염환자 724명의 객담에서 발견되는 진균가운데 46.4%가 Aspergilli였다. 413명의 환자객담에서 분리된 137주의 효모양균주를 분리 동정할 결과 그중 Candida albicans(64.2%)가 가장 많았다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.138-143
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• 2017

The antifungal activity of isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from a locally fermented cereal, "Kunu", was tested against toxigenic Aspergillus flavus. The liquid refreshment, "Kunu", was prepared under hygienic condition using millet, sorghum, and the combination of the two grains. The antifungal potential of isolated LAB against toxigenic A. flavus was carried out using both in vitro and in vivo antifungal assays. The LAB count from prepared "Kunu" ranged from $2.80{\times}10^4CFU/mL$ to $4.10{\times}10^4CFU/mL$ and Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermentum, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were the isolated bacteria. Inhibitory zones exhibited by LAB against toxigenic A. flavus ranged from 5.0 mm to 20.0 mm. The albino mice infected with toxigenic A. flavus showed sluggishness, decrease in body weight, distortion of hair, and presence of blood in their stool, while those treated with LAB after infection were recovered and active like those in control groups. Except for the white blood cell that was increased in the infected mice as $6.73mm^3$, the packed cell volume, hemoglobin, and red blood cell in infected animals were significantly reduced (P<0.05) to 29.28%, 10.06%, and 4.28%, respectively, when compared to the treated mice with LAB and control groups. The antifungal activity of LAB against toxigenic A. flavus can be attributed to the antimicrobial metabolites. These metabolites can be extracted and used as biopreservatives in food products to substitute the use of chemical preservatives that is not appealing to consumers due to several side effects.

• Mycobiology
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.121-133
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• 2008

Aspergillus niger isolated from Allium sativum was used at large scale fermentation (150 mg flavone/200ml medium) to obtain suitable amounts of the products, efficient for identification. Then spectral analysis (UV, IR, $^1H$-NMR, $^{13}C$-NMR) and mass spectrometry were performed for the two products, which contributed to the identification process. The metabolite (1) was identified as 2'-hydroxydihydrochalcone, and the metabolite (2) was identified as 2'-hydroxyphenylmethylketone, which were more active than flavone itself. Antioxidant activities of the two isolated metabolites were tested compared with ascorbic acid. Antioxidant activity of metabolite (1) was recorded 64.58% which represented 79% of the antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid, and metabolite (2) was recorded 54.16% (67% of ascorbic acid activity). However, the antioxidant activity of flavone was recorded 37.50% which represented 46% of ascorbic acid activity. The transformed products of flavone have anti-microbial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans, with MIC was recorded $250{\mu}g/ml$ for metabolite (2) against all three organism and 500, 300, and $300{\mu}g/ml$ for metabolite (1) against tested microorganisms (P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumonia, Fusarium moniliforme, A. flavus, Saccharomyces cerviceae, Kluveromyces lactis and C. albicans) at this order.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.247-272
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• 1993

우리나라 전국 각지에서 수집한 메주에서 곰팡이만 48개의 균주를 순수분리하여, 29 종으로 동정하였다. 29 종의 fungi 중에서 불완전균은 3 속 20종으로 Aspergillus 속의 균 5 종, Scopulariosis 속의 1 종, Penicillium 속의 균 14종이 동정되었다. 메주에 서식하는 불완전균에는 Penicillium 속이 14종으로 다앙하게 나타났으나, 메주발효에 중요 역할을 하는 균은 아닌것으로 고려되었다. Sc. brevicaulis는 여러 메주에서 발효를 잘 시켰으며, Aspergillus 속의 균에서는 A. flavus보다 A. oryzae가 콩을 더 잘 발효시켰다. Sc. brevicaulis, A. oryzae, P. tulolense, 및 P. funiculosum의 4 개종으로 만들어진 메주에서 단간장 맛이 강하였다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.237-245
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• 1980

건시 저장 중 부패미생물을 분리동정하고, 유독성 곰팡이의 Aflatoxin 생성 여부를 검사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 건시 저장 초기에는 곰팡이가, 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 세균의 침해가 많았다. 2) 분리 동정한 부패 미생물의 균수는 Asp. sp.가 가장 많았고, Escherichia sp., Mucor sp., Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp. 순으로 많았다. 3) 분리 균주 중 Aspergillus flavus Group과 Penicillium citrimum Series도 동정된 균에서와 저장건시에서 분리한 형광물질은 TLC 상에서의 Rf 값으로 보아 Aflatoxin B$_1$, G$_1$유사물질로 추정하였다. 4) 유시시료 또는 분리균주에서 분리된 Aflatoxin 유사물질은 U. V. absorption spectra 측정 결과 Asp. flavus Group에서 Aflatoxin B$_1$, Pen. citrinum Series 에서 Aflatoxin G$_1$으로 확인되었다. 이것은 앞으로 계속 더 구명하여야 하겠다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.1081-1087
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• 2014

Aspergillus oryzae is generally recognized as safe, but it is closely related to A. flavus in morphology and genetic characteristics. In this study, we tested the aflatoxigenicity and genetic analysis of nine commercial A. oryzae strains that were used in Korean soybean fermented products. Cultural and HPLC analyses showed that none of the commercial strains produced detectable amount of aflatoxins. According to the molecular analysis of 17 genes in the aflatoxin (AF) biosynthetic pathway, the commercial strains could be classified into three groups. The group I strains contained all the 17 AF biosynthetic genes tested in this study; the group II strains deleted nine AF biosynthetic genes and possessed eight genes, including aflG, aflI, aflK, aflL, aflM, aflO, aflP, and aflQ; the group III strains only had six AF biosynthetic genes, including aflG, aflI, aflK, aflO, aflP, and aflQ. With the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, the group I A. oryzae strains showed no expression of aflG, aflQ and/or aflM genes, which resulted in the lack of AF-producing ability. Group II and group III strains could not produce AF owing to the deletion of more than half of the AF biosynthetic genes. In addition, the sequence data of polyketide synthase A (pksA) of group I strains of A. oryzae showed that there were three point mutations (two silent mutations and one missense mutation) compared with aflatoxigenic A. flavus used as the positive control in this study.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제25권1호통권80호
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• pp.35-45
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• 1997

The yellow fungal isolates inhabiting at the cereals (Hwang-Kuk, HK-fungi) were widely collected from the mejus and nuluks in Korea; the meju is a raw material for Korean traditional foods for soysauce and soypaste, and the nuluk is a raw material for Korean traditional rice wine. These isolates, well known as an Aspergillus oryzae producing amylase for Korean rice wine or producing protease for soybeans, were compared with Aspergillus species known. All isolates were microscopically observed to be a species of A. oryzae or its related, but to be difficult to be identified. Thus, RAPD-DNA techniques were applied for these isolates and analyzed with nummerical values using NT-system, or Ecological programs or Factorial analyses. Several common bands of RAPD-DNA in the 28 isolates were synthesized with the different OPD primers and speculated to be used for identification of HK fungi. The HK-fungi isolated were revealed to belong to the group of A. flavus previously defined. Particularly, the isolates collected from mejus were analyzed to be more closed to A. flavus, The species of A. flavus, A. oryzae and A. sojae were grouped at the values lower than those indicating the diversity of species. In other words, these three fungal species were not distinguishable and all isolates known as a HK-fungus were very closed to A. flavus, All isolates were not diversified at groupings of RAPD-DNA, and considered to be not the natural flora at the mejus or nuluks. The meju or nuluk having the above fungi as the fungal flora were speculated to be not termed "Korean traditional foodstuffs".The yellow fungal isolates inhabiting at the cereals (Hwang-Kuk, HK-fungi) were widely collected from the mejus and nuluks in Korea; the meju is a raw material for Korean traditional foods for soysauce and soypaste, and the nuluk is a raw material for Korean traditional rice wine. These isolates, well known as an Aspergillus oryzae producing amylase for Korean rice wine or producing protease for soybeans, were compared with Aspergillus species known. All isolates were microscopically observed to be a species of A. oryzae or its related, but to be difficult to be identified. Thus, RAPD-DNA techniques were applied for these isolates and analyzed with nummerical values using NT-system, or Ecological programs or Factorial analyses. Several common bands of RAPD-DNA in the 28 isolates were synthesized with the different OPD primers and speculated to be used for identification of HK fungi. The HK-fungi isolated were revealed to belong to the group of A. flavus previously defined. Particularly, the isolates collected from mejus were analyzed to be more closed to A. flavus, The species of A. flavus, A. oryzae and A. sojae were grouped at the values lower than those indicating the diversity of species. In other words, these three fungal species were not distinguishable and all isolates known as a HK-fungus were very closed to A. flavus. All isolates were not diversified at groupings of RAPD-DNA, and considered to be not the natural flora at the mejus or nuluks. The meju or nuluk having the above fungi as the fungal flora were speculated to be not termed 'Korean traditional foodstuffs'.