• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2001

HRP(high rate pond) which had kept the manufactured clay of 3cm-thickness as benthic clay in reactor and the 6 flat-blade turbine as impeller for agitation was named HRASP(high rate algae stabilization pond). And the experiment for treatment of artificial synthesis wastewater containing COD :300mg/$\ell$, NH$_3$-N : 300mg/$\ell$, T-P : 9mg/$\ell$ as nutrients was been performed successfully. This reactor was been operated under conditions : 24hrs.-irradiation and water temperature, $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 7 and agitation velocity, 15, 30, 45rpm and the effect of agitation velocity on algal bioaccumulation of nutrients was been studied with view point of fluid dynamics. The next followings could be obtained as results. 1. The agitation with a turbine impeller blade in HRASP makes clay particle indicate superior suspension effect by means of forming of excellent curl/shear flow in reactor. 2. The excessive suspension of clay particle which is created at 45rpm as rotation velocity of impeller blade of turbine disturbs the light penetration and algal photosynthesis reaction. 3. Efficiencies for removal of nutrients come out as COD : 93.9%~94.3%, ($NH_3-N + NO_3-N$) : 81.9%~99.0%, T-P : 46.8%~53.6%. 4. Kuo values of $K_1$for algal growth come out seperately as 15rpm : $1.876{\times}10^{-2}, 30rpm : 4.618{\times}10^{-3}$. 5. Kuo values of $K_2$for removal of N, P come out seperately as 15rpm : $8.403{\times}10^{-1}$ and $1.397{\times}10^{-1}$, 30rpm : $4.823{\times}10^{-1} and 2.052{\times}10^{-1}$. 6. It can be guessed easily that the excessive agitation can inhibit the algal and bacterial symbiotic reaction if it is considered that micro organism\` sense to preservation of life is relied on natural function of metabolism. Therefore the studies for this matter should be followed continuously.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.1137-1144
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• 2013

$TiO_2$ composites with seven different carbon materials (activated carbons, graphite, carbon fibers, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene oxides, and reduced graphene oxides) that are virgin or treated with nitric acid are prepared through an evaporation method. The photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared samples are evaluated in terms of $H_2$ production from aqueous methanol solution (photo-catalytic reduction: PCR) and degradation of aqueous pollutants (phenol, methylene blue, and rhodamine B) (photocatalytic oxidation: PCO) under AM 1.5-light irradiation. Despite varying effects depending on the kinds of carbon materials and their surface treatment, composites typically show enhanced PCR activity with maximum 50 times higher $H_2$ production as compared to bare $TiO_2$. Conversely, the carbon-induced synergy effects on PCO activities are insignificant for all three substrates. Colorimetric quantification of hydroxyl radicals supports the absence of carbon effects. However, platinum deposition on the binary composites displays the enhanced effect on both PCR and PCO reactions. These differing effects of carbon materials on PCR and PCO reactions of $TiO_2$ are discussed in terms of physicochemical properties of carbon materials, coupling states of $TiO_2$/carbon composites, interfacial charge transfers. Various surface characterizations of composites (UV-Vis diffuse reflectance, SEM, FTIR, surface area, electrical conductivity, and photoluminescence) are performed to gain insight on their photocatalytic redox behaviors.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.187-192
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• 2011

Photoelectrochemical performances of ZnO electrodes are enhanced by coupling with cobalt-based catalyst (CoPi) in phosphate electrolyte (pH 7). For this study, hexagonal pillar-shaped ZnO nanorods are grown on ZnO electrodes through a chemical bath deposition, onto which CoPi is deposited with different photodeposition times (10-30 min). A scanning electron microscopic study indicates that CoPi deposition does not induce any change of ZnO morphology and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis shows that inorganic phosphate ions (Pi) exist on ZnO surface. Bare ZnO electrodes generate the current of ca. $0.36mA/cm^2$ at a bias potential of 0.5 V vs. SCE, whereas ZnO/CoPi (deposited for 10 min) has ca. 50%-enhanced current ($0.54mW/cm^2$) under irradiation of AM 1.5G-light ($400mW/cm^2$). The excess loading of CoPi on ZnO results in decrease of photocurrents as compared to bare ZnO likely due to limited electrolyte access to ZnO and/or CoPi-mediated recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. The primary role of CoPi is speculated to trap the photogenerated holes and thereby oxidize water into molecular oxygen via an intervalency cycle among Co(II), Co(III), and Co(IV).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.58-65
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• 2021

Background: Panax ginseng, as one of the most widely used herbal medicines worldwide, has been studied comprehensively in terms of the chemical components and pharmacology. The proteins from ginseng are also of great importance for both nutrition value and the mechanism of secondary metabolites. However, the proteomic studies are less reported in the absence of the genome information. With the completion of ginseng genome sequencing, the proteome profiling has become available for the functional study of ginseng protein components. Methods: We optimized the protein extraction process systematically by using SDS-PAGE and one-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The extracted proteins were then analyzed by two-dimensional chromatography separation and cutting-edge mass spectrometry technique. Results: A total of 2,732 and 3,608 proteins were identified from ginseng root and cauline leaf, respectively, which was the largest data set reported so far. Only around 50% protein overlapped between the cauline leaf and root tissue parts because of the function assignment for plant growing. Further gene ontology and KEGG pathway revealed the distinguish difference between ginseng root and leaf, which accounts for the photosynthesis and metabolic process. With in-deep analysis of functional proteins related to ginsenoside synthesis, we interestingly found the cytochrome P450 and UDP-glycosyltransferase expression extensively in cauline leaf but not in the root, indicating that the post glucoside synthesis of ginsenosides might be carried out when growing and then transported to the root at withering. Conclusion: The systematically proteome analysis of Panax ginseng will provide us comprehensive understanding of ginsenoside synthesis and guidance for artificial cultivation.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.161-171
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• 2022

Background: Epilobium hirsutum L. is designated as an endangered plant in South Korea located in Asia, due to the destruction of its habitats through the development of wetlands. Therefore, in this study, in order to find a light condition suitable for the growth and ecophysiological responses of Epilobium hirsutum L., those of this plant under treatment with various light qualities in a smart farm were measured. Results: In order to examine the changes in the physiological and growth responses of Epilobium hirsutum L. according to the light qualities, the treatment with light qualities of the smart farm was carried out using the red light: blue light irradiation time ratios of 1:1, 1:1/2, and 1:1/5 and a red light: blue light: white light irradiation time ratio of 1:1:1. As a result, the ecophysiological responses (difference between leaf temperature and atmospheric temperature, transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO₂ partial pressure, photosynthetic quantum efficiency) to light qualities appeared differently according to the treatments with light qualities. The increase in the blue light ratio increased the difference between the leaf temperature and the atmospheric temperature and the photosynthetic quantum efficiency and decreased the transpiration rate and the intercellular CO₂ partial pressure. On the other hand, the white light treatment increased the transpiration rate and intercellular CO₂ partial pressure and decreased the temperature difference between the leaf temperature and the ambient temperature and photosynthetic quantum efficiency. Conclusions: The light condition suitable for the propagation by the stolons, which are the propagules of Epilobium hirsutum L., in the smart farm, is red, blue and white mixed light with high net photosynthetic rates and low difference between leaf temperature and atmospheric temperature.

• 환경생물
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.205-215
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• 2002

남극에 생육하는 5종의 홍조류(Curdiea racouitzae, Gigartina skottsbergii, Mazzaella obovata, Myriogramme manginii, Palmaria decipiens)를 대상으로 인공 중파 자외선과 태양광선에 대한 종별 생리적 반응을 광합성이라는 파라미터를 사용하여 조사 연구하였다. 실험실연구 결과, 종간에 중파 자외선에 대한 내성 차이가 확인되었으며 이러한 차이는 각 종들이 채집되기 전에 서식하고 있었던 수심과 매우 밀접한 관계가 있어서 20-30m의 수심에서 채집된 M. manginii와 P. decipiens의 자외선 내성이 다른 종들에 비하여 작게 나왔다. 본 연구 결과는 서식지 주변의 광환경이 해조류의 자외선 내성을 결정해 주는 한 요인이라는 가설을 입증해주었을 뿐 아니라 형광 변화를 이용한 광합성 측정법은 자외선 내성을 타진하는데 있어서 매우 신속하고 비파괴적인 방법으로 이용될 수 있음을 입증하였다. 두 종의 흥조류(M. manginii, P. decipiens)를 대상으로 태양광선 하에서의 광합성 효율을 관찰한 결과, 정오에 최저 광합성을 보인 반면 저녁에는 광합성 능력이 회복되는 현상을 나타내었다. 이같은 동적인 광저해 현상(dynamic photoinhibition)은 일종의 광적응 능력으로서 식물이 비교적 강한 태양광선에 노출된 지역에 성공적으로 서식하는데 크게 기여하는 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구에서는 또한 태양광선내 중파자외선 포함 유무에 따라 광합성 회복 속도에 차이가 나는 것을 볼 수 있었는데 중파자외선이 포함된 태양 광선 하에서는 광합성의 회복이 느린 반면, 중파 자외선이 제거된 조건에서는 광합성이 비교적 빨리 회복되는 것을 관찰할 수 있었고 이는 중파 자외선이 광합성 회복 기작을 지연시키는 작용을 한 것으로 해석될 수 있다. 야외에서 자외선 민감성을 비교한 결과, P. decipiens가 M. manginii에 비하여 자외선 내성이 큰 것으로 나타났는데, 두 종 공히 조간대로부터 조하대 상부까지 서식하는 종임에도 불구하고 이러한 내성차이를 보인 이유는 자외선 흡수물질의 정량적인 차이에 기인한다고 할 수 있다. M. manginii와 P decipiens에서 발견된 자외선 흡수물질의 양은 약 1:2 정도의 비율을 보였는데 이러한 정량적 차이가 자외선 민감성에 기여한 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구에서는 또한 계절별 그리고 채집 수심별로 자외선 흡수물질의 정량적 차이를 발견할 수 있었는데 태양광선이 풍부한 여름철에 그리고 고광량이 도달되는 수심 얕은 곳에 서식하는 개체가 더욱 많은 양의 자외선 흡수물질을 함유한 것으로 나타났다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2020

본 연구는 폐쇄형 식물공장에서 시금치 수경재배시 세가지의 인공광이 생육, 광합성 및 품질에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 수행되었다. 세가지 광 처리구는 적색 (660nm), 청색 (450nm) 및 녹색 (550nm) LED를 사용하여, R660 / B450 = 4/1 (RBL), R660 / B450 / G550 = 5/2/3 (WWL); R660 / B450 / G550 = 1/1/1 (WL) 비율로 혼합하였고, 동일한 광도로 설정하였다 (PPFD = 190 μmol·m^-2·s^-1). 생육조사결과 초장, 엽수는 WL이 가장 적었다. SPAD, 순광합성율, Fv/Fm, LAI, 근권부 생육은 RBL이 가장 높았고 통계적으로 유의하였다. 줄기, 잎, 뿌리의 생체중, 뿌리의 건물 중은 세가지 처리구에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 대조적으로 WL의 칼륨의 함량은 WWL과 RBL 가운데 가장 높았지만, 반면 칼륨과 철의 함량은 RBL이 가장 높았다. 비타민C 함량도 시험구간 유의한 차이를 보였다. 질소와 옥살산 함량은 WL이 가장 높았고, 용해성 고체와 비타민C 함량은 RBL이 가장 높았다. 옥살산, 질소 함량은 WWL에서 감소하는 경향을 보였고, RBL의 옥살산 함량은 WL와 WWL과 차이가 없었다. 모든 처리구에서 Salmonella, E.coli.는 감염되지 않았다. 결론적으로, RBL이 시금치의 생육에 적합하지만, 적색, 청색과 적정하게 혼합된 녹색광은 시금치의 생육에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다고 판단된다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.146-150
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• 1995

선택성 화본과 잡초의 제초적인 Fluazifop-butyl의 고려인삼에 대한 안전성을 구명하기 위하여 Fluazifop-butyl을 표준 제초약량을 위시하여 이의 3배 또는 4배 약량까지 약량별로 인삼의 경엽에 분무처리한 후 인삼 잎의 광합성량과 호흡량 및 인삼의 경엽생육을 측정하였다. Fluazifop-butyl을 표준 제초약량 또는 2배 약량을 경엽처리할 경우에는 인삼의 광합성능력에 영향을 미치지 않았으나 3배 또는 4배 약량의 처리시에는 처리직후 광합성량의 저하를 초래하였던바 3배약량의 처리시에는 처리후 7일에 인삼 잎의 광합성 능력이 정상으로 회복되었으나 4배 약량의 처리시에는 처리후 15일이 경과되어도 광합성 능력이 회복되지 않았다. Fluazifop-butyl을 표준 제초약량으로 경엽처리 할 경우에도 인삼잎의 호흡량은 현저한 감소를 나타내었으며 이러한 호흡량의 감소는 처리후 15일이 경과되어도 정상으로 회복되지 않았고 Fluazifop-butyl의 경엽처리에 따르는 호흡량의 감소정도는 처리약량을 증가할수록 현저히 심해지는 경향을 나타내었다. Fluazifop-butyl을 표준 제초약량의 3배 약량으로 경엽처리 하여도 인삼 엽병의 길이나 줄기에 대한 엽병의 각도에 전혀 영향을 미치지 않았으며 또한 인삼의 경장, 경직경, 엽장 및 엽폭의 생육에도 전혀 영향을 미치지 않았다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2008

상토에 함유된 Na이온이 과채류의 육묘에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 온도조건에 따른 상토의 수분변화, Na이온 및 EC의 경시적 변화, 광합성율, 증산율, 잎의 수분상태, 묘소질, 생육 및 수량성에 대한 실험을 실시하였다. 육묘온도가 $15^{\circ}C$에서는 상토의 수분감소는 적어 3일이 경과하더라도 관수개시점에 도달하지 않았다. 관수 1시간 후 부터 상토로부터 Na 이온이 유리되어 22시간이 지날 때 까지 Na의 농도가 계속 증가하였으며 Na 함량의 증가에 따라 EC의 상승이 있었다. 또한 관수회수가 증가함에 따라 Na의 세탈에 따른 Na 농도가 감소되었고 Na 농도감소에 비해 EC의 감소폭은 적은 편이었다. 양이온 비율중 Na 함량이 60% 이상일 경우 저온에서는 광합성율, 증산율의 감소가 큰 편이었고 포화수분부족도 또한 저온에서 큰 폭으로 높아졌다. Na 함량이 높은 상토에서 육묘된 오이묘는 초장, 세근수 등이 대조상토에 비해 낮은 편이었고 본포 정식후에도 생육이 불량하여 48%정도의 수량감소를 초래하였다.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.14-23
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• 2013

This study evaluated the influence of light quality and intensity during healing and acclimatization on the $CO_2$ exchange rate, growth, and morphogenesis of grafted pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) transplants, using a system for the continuous measurement of the $CO_2$ exchange rate. C. annuum L. 'Nokkwang' and 'Tantan' were used as scions and rootstocks, respectively. Before grafting, the transplants were grown for four weeks in a growth chamber with artificial light, where the temperature was set at $25/18^{\circ}C$ (light/dark period) and the light period was 14 hours $d^{-1}$. The grafted pepper transplants were then healed and acclimatized under different light quality conditions using fluorescent lamps (control) and red, blue, and red + blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs). All the transplants were irradiated for 12 hours per day, for six days, at a photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 50, 100, or 180 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. The higher PPF levels increased the $CO_2$ exchange rate during the healing and acclimatization. A smaller increase in the $CO_2$ exchange rates was observed in the transplants under red LEDs. At a PPF of 180 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, the $CO_2$ exchange rate of the transplants irradiated with red LEDs was lowest and it was 37% lower than those irradiated with fluorescent lamps. The $CO_2$ exchange rates of transplants irradiated with blue LEDs was the highest and 20% higher than those irradiated under fluorescent lamps. The graft take was not affected by the light quality. The grafted pepper transplants irradiated with red LEDs had a lower SPAD value, leaf dry weight, and dry matter content. The transplants irradiated with blue LEDs had longer shoot length and heavier stem fresh weight than those irradiated with the other treatments. Leaves irradiated with the red LED had the smallest leaf area and showed leaf epinasty. In addition, the palisade and spongy cells of the pepper leaves were dysplastic and exhibited hyperplasia. Grafted pepper transplants treated with red + blue LEDs showed similar growth and morphology to those transplants irradiated with fluorescent lamps. These results suggest that high-quality grafted pepper transplants can be obtained by healing and acclimatization under a combination of blue and red lights at a high PPF level.