• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.459-465
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• 2007

This study was conducted to calculate the LCC of a apartment complex with a type of heating system, district heating and cogeneration system. For the purpose of analyzing LCC according to size of apartment complex, 500, 1,500 and 4,000 houses of model apartment selected. This research performs design of heating system and the life cycle cost analysis including an initial cost, energy cost, maintenance and operation cost, replacement cost and renovation cost during the project period(15years). According to the calculated results, 1) Initial cost of cogeneration system with 500, 1500 and 4000 houses is higher than district heating system each of 20%, 13%, 12%. 2) In case of cogeneration system, the payback period by electric generation is 5.21, 4.92 and 4.47 years and saving cost was calculated 29 billion won, 94 billion won and 262 billion won after payback period. 3) Cogeneration system LCC was 1.12, 1.07 and 1.06 times larger than district system with the size of apartment complex. According to the case of this study district heating system is more efficient than cogeneration system in terms of the reduction of LCC. 4) Gas Engine Co-generation System is more efficient than other systems because it can collect progressive part from electric charge progressive stage system. However, the efficiency is decreasing because of raising of fuel bills(LNG) and lowering of power rate for house use. Especially the engine is foreign-made so the cost of maintenance and repair is high and the technical expert is short. 5) District heating is also affected by fuel bills so we should improve energy efficiency through recovering of waste heat(incineration heat, etc.). Also, we should supply district cooling on the pattern of heat using of let the temperature high in winter and low in summer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.123-126
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• 2003

This study was to analyze land use tendency of the apartment complexes in Banpo in Seoul, Bundang, and Keureng in Chungju. The results of this study were followings. The patterns of Land use in the apartment complexes have been diversified and open spaces have been increased since 1990. In addition, land use relating facilities also has been increased. In the apartment complexes in large cities, park spaces also have been increased. The results of this study indicated that the tendency of apartment complexes is not just residential areas but places for quality of life.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.21-30
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• 2002

Considering the present development situation of domestic apartment complexes, the development of environment-friendly apartment complexes is very important issue in Korea. At this point of time, it is very meaningful to understand the domestic development trend and the actual condition of environment-friendly apartment complexes and examine various problems about this and the possibilities fer development. Thus the purpose of this study is to accumulate basic data to establish planning direction and pertinent planning factors or the environment-friendly apartment complex for sustainable development. It is believed that the role of the related aspects such as administration, construction companies, designers and residents must be redefined in order to manage such problem. Planning factors for environment-friendly apartment complex should be developed systematically and more fit to the natural environment and residents in the aspect of district and community.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.544-551
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the LCC of apartment complexes with district heating and a cogeneration system. For the purpose of analyzing LCC according to the size of the apartment complex, 500, 1,500, and 4,000-unit model apartments were selected. Analysis was performed on the design of the heating system and the life cycle cost including total construction cost, maintenance and operation cost for the duration of the project period (15 years). According to the calculated results, 1) The initial cost of the cogeneration system for 500, 1,500, and 4,000-unit apartments is higher than that of the district heating system by 20%, 13%, and 12%, respectively. 2) In the case of the cogeneration system, the payback period by electric generation was found to be 5.21, 4.92 and 4.47 years, and saving cost was calculated to be 29 billion won, 94 billion won and 262 billion won after the payback period for 500, 1,500, and 4,000-unit apartments, respectively. 3) The LCC values of the cogeneration system were 1.12, 1.07 and 1.06 times larger than those of the district system according to the size of the apartment complex. In this study, the district heating system was found to be more efficient than the cogeneration system in terms of LCC reduction. 4) District heating is affected by fuel bills, so energy efficiency should be improved through recovering waste heat (incineration heat, etc.). Also, district cooling should be provided according to heat use to keep the temperature high in winter and low in summer.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.239-244
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• 2004

Large-scaled apartment housing complex at outskirts of downtown which has direct influence on urban view concentrated on improving the space outside the complex like spatial composition of individual plan design, but neglected the contribution of urban view. However, as people's orientation toward urban areas was changed to quality from quantity, concerns on urban view have been gradually increased and planning of apartment housing has been extended to complex with view contributing to urban people as a factor composing the city in resident centered spatial composition. This study is therefore to examine the characteristics of view components of 13 apartment housing complexes at Sangmu District in Gwangju Metropolitan City and their influences on evaluating view image.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.54-75
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• 1993

The purpose of this thesis is to suggest objective basic data for the super graphics in the urban landscape through the quantitative visual quality analysis. For this, the image structure of super graphics have been measured mainly by questionnaries and semantic differential scle method and analyzed by the method of factor analysis, means and multiple regression. Degree of visual preference have been measured mainly by questionnaries and likert attitude scale method and finaly these data have been analyzed by using the stepwise method. The data were collected by presenting 12 super graphics photographs-4 each sample pictures from the 3 each selected districts representing typical urban landscape style(central business district, shopping district, apartment complex). Observer groups were categorized as professionals, students, the others. Result of this thesis can be summarized as fallows: 1. From all 12(3${\times}$4) sample super graphics, the value of each semantic differential scale among the observer groups were presented significant group difference. But no significant difference of the S.D. scale value were observed among central business district, shopping district and apartment complex super graphics. 2. For all experimental points, 4 types of factor have been observed. Factors covering the image of super graphics were found to be the evaluation, the intimacy, the potentiality and the tidiness. 3. Main factors of the super graphics image and factors indicating the group variations yielded high significance between areas. 4. The harmony with surrounding environment, the proper selection of super graphics subject yielded high values for all groups. Especially, the good color sense with building was the most important variable determining the degree of visual preference. 5. The urban C.B.D. super graphics obtained 5∼12 ranks of regional visual preference and the shopping district super graphics obtained 2∼11 ranks, and apartment complex super graphics obtained 1∼7 ranks.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.233-238
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• 2004

This study extracted and analyzed physical components of street view with external streets at large-scaled apartment house complex of Sangmu Housing Site Development District in Gwangju, examined factors affecting the image of street view and visual perceptional characteristics by image, analyzed relationship between components of street view and visual preferences of image and aimed to provide basic materials needed for making external street view at apartment house complex of high Qualify.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.283-292
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• 2015

A model of apartment heating load in a district heating system could be useful in the management and utilization of energy resources, since it could predict energy usage and so could assist in the efficient use of energy resources. The heating load in a district heating system varies in a highly nonlinear manner and is subject to many different factors, such as heating area, number of people living in that complex, and ambient temperature. Thus there are few published papers with accurate models of heating load, especially in domestic literature. This work is concerned with the modeling of apartment heating load in a district heating system in winter, using the reduced least square support vector machine (LS-SVM), and with the purpose of using the model to predict heating energy usage in domestic city area. We collected 23,856 pieces of data on heating energy usage over a 12-week period in winter, from 12 heat exchangers in five apartments. Half of the collected data were used to construct the heating load model, and the other half were used to test the model's accuracy. The model was able to predict the heating energy usage pattern rather accurately. It could also estimate the usage of heating energy within of mean absolute percentage error. This implies that the model prediction accuracy needs to be improved further, but it still could be considered as an acceptable model if we consider the nonlinearity and uncertainty of apartment heating energy usage in a district heating system.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.480-487
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• 2007

The experimental implementation for different heating systems, district heating and separate heating and power, is discussed in the analysis of the characteristics of energy-usage in apartment complex. Total 20 families are chosen for the experiment, 10 for the district heating and the others for separate heating and power. Among the 10 families, the operating temperature was forced to be controled within certain range of temperatures for 5 ones, and it was left as usual for the other ones. The configuration and general features of each facilities and data acquisition systems are mentioned in brief and the technical specifications for it are also described. The analysis for the experiment results of this investigation is going to be carried out and published in a subsequent paper.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.429-448
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• 2008

The number of public libraries is not good enough in Korea. The main reasons why there are not many libraries are: the lack of people's recognition of necessity and importance of public libraries, stingy investment by the central and local governments for building public libraries, and no policy on effective building of public libraries. Now, there should be a policy on building and operating small-size public libraries that the developed country adopts. Redevelopment of local areas and reconstruction of old apartment complex are the best chance of building small-size libraries in those areas. The apartment complex in which this study took place is going to be reconstructed in the near future. A small-size library can be built with a district office and a post-office as a multi-complex building. Building a small-size library with public institutions or business buildings in the place of redevelopment of local areas and reconstruction of old apartment complex is one of the best solution of solving the lack of public libraries in Korea.