• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1600-1608
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• 2005

The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of exogenous bovine somatotropin on water metabolism in relation to mammary function in early lactation of crossbred Holstein cattle. Ten, 87.5% crossbred Holstein cattle were divided into two groups of 5 animals each. At day 60 of lactation, the control group was given placebo while animals in the experimental group were given recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) by subcutaneous injection with 500 mg of rbST (14-days prolonged-release rbST). In rbSTtreated animals, milk yield increased 19.8%, which coincided with a significant increase in water intake (p<0.01), while DM daily intake was not different when compared to the control animals. Water turnover rate as absolute values significantly increased (p<0.05), while the biological half-life of water did not change in rbST-treated animals. Total body water (TBW) and total body water space (TOH) as absolute values significantly increased (p<0.01) in rbST-treated animals, while it was decreased in the control animals. Absolute values of empty body water (EBW) markedly increased (p<0.05), which was associated with an increase in the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume. Absolute values of plasma volume and blood volume were also significantly increased (p<0.05) in rbST-treated animals. The increase in mammary blood flow in rbST-treated animals was proportionally higher than an increase in milk production. The plasma IGF-1 concentration was significantly increased (p<0.01) in rbST-treated animals when compared with those of control animals during the treatment period. Milk fat concentration increased during rbST treatment, while the concentrations of both protein and lactose in milk were not affected. The present results indicate that rbST exerts its effect on an increase in both TBW and EBW. An increased ECF compartment in rbST-treated animals might partly result from the decrease in fat mass during early lactation. The action of rbST on mammary blood flow might not be mediated solely by the action of IGF-1 for increase in blood flow to mammary gland. An elevation of body fluid during rbST treatment in early lactation may be partly a result of an increase in mammary blood flow in distribution of milk precursors to the gland.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.227-233
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• 2012

Circadian timing system plays a major role in a wide range of reproductive function. However it is plausible idea that other environmental and/or internal cue might be simultaneously participated in the optimal regulation of reproductive system. In the present study we extended the reverse feeding (RF) time regimen up to 8 weeks, then measured the general and reproductive indices of the animals. The animals of ad libitum feeding group (Control, CON) have free access to food for 4, 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. The day feeding animals (reverse feeding, RF group) have restricted access to food during daytime (09:00-18:00) for 4, 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. When the feeding schedules were over, key indices were measured. After 4 weeks and 8 weeks of feeding, body weights of animals were not significantly different. However, body weights of 6 weeks RF animals were significantly smaller than those of control animals (CON : RF = $333.46{\pm}12.71$ g : $289.91{\pm}8.31$ g, p<0.01). The blood glucose levels of 4 weeks RF animals were significantly decreased compared to the levels of control animals (CON : RF = $161.4{\pm}2.7$ mg/dL : $176.7{\pm}5$ mg/dL, p<0.01) while the levels of 6 weeks RF and 8 weeks RF animals were not different form those of control animals. Reproductive and non-reproductive tissue weights from 6 weeks RF group were significantly lowered than those from CON group (testis, CON : RF = $1.4714{\pm}0.0174$ g : $1.3724{\pm}0.0168$ g, p<0.001; epididymis, CON : RF = $0.3574{\pm}0.0059$ g : $0.3243{\pm}0.0068$ g, p<0.001; seminal vesicle, CON : RF = $0.1655{\pm}0.0068$ g : $0.1328{\pm}0.0054$ g, p<0.001; prostate, CON : RF = $0.3350{\pm}0.0231$ g : $0.2528{\pm}0.0143$ g, p<0.01). After 4 weeks and 8 weeks of reverse feeding, sperm counts in RF animals were markedly reduced than those in control animals[CON 4W : RF 4W = $121.17{\pm}9.96\;({\times}10^6)$ : $50.86{\pm}9\;({\times}10^6)$, p<0.001; CON 8W : RF 8W= $138.69{\pm}9.8\;({\times}10^6)$ : $108.94{\pm}4.22\;({\times}10^6)$, p<0.001]. Present study indicates that RF may induce an adaptable metabolic stress and cause impairment of androgen-dependent reproductive tissues. On-going longitudinal studies will allow a better understanding of the how does mealtime shift affect the reproductive function and exact nature of adaptation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.1359-1366
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• 2000

An experiment was carried out to study plasma levels of hormones and metabolites of crossbred Holstein cattle during late pregnancy (28 days pre partum), early lactation (30 days post partum), mid-lactation (120 days post partum) and late lactation (210 days post partum). Two breed types of Holstein $Friesian{\times}Red$ Sindhi (50:50 = 50%HF) and Holstein $Friesian{\times}Red$ Sindhi (87.5:12.5 = 87.5%HF) were divided into four groups of four animals each. Two groups of each breed were fed with either rice straw treated with 5% urea or pangola hay (Digitaria decumbens) as the source of roughage throughout the experiments. There were a substantial increases in the mean levels of total triiodothyronine ($T_3$), insulin and glucagon at the onset of lactation, and maintained in a high levels during lactation advance for all groups of experiments. The mean levels of prolactin and thyroxine ($T_4$) were not significantly different among groups of animals, but the plasma cortisol concentration was slightly higher in both groups of 50%HF in comparison with those of 87.5%HF animals. The mean levels of plasma growth hormone (GH) of both groups of 87.5%HF animals feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw markedly rose in the early period of lactation and markedly reduced in mid- and late lactation. These changes were accompanied with changes of milk yield. In contrast to 50%HF animals, plasma GH levels were considerably higher in the late pregnant period than in the early period of lactation and it remained constant as its value at the early lactation throughout the experimental period. The high levels of both plasma progesterone and estradiol concentration significantly declined after parturition and remained low through lactating period. The plasma glucose level in the 50%HF animals feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw was higher than the 87.5%HF animals in all periods of experiments. Changes in plasma FFA levels of both types of crossbred animals were depended on the endocrine status during late pregnancy and lactation. The levels of plasma FFA of 50%HF animals were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of 87.5%HF animals during late pregnancy. Both plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate and lactate concentrations were not affected by feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw during late pregnancy and lactation. These data demonstrate that there were no differences in the physiological performances in the same crossbred animals fed either hay or urea treated rice straw. The 87.5%HF animal has the genetic potential for a high milk yield and homeorhetic adaptation for mammary function differed from 50%HF animals during periods of lactation. Altering lactation persistency in 87.5%HF is regulated mainly by chronically acting growth hormones through the period of lactation.

• 한국토양동물학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.56-61
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• 1996

At present, 51 textbooks from 6 kinds are adopted at primary and secondary schools in Korea. According to results of content analysis related to soil animals, their bionomics and the ecological roles were mentioned limitedly in only one or two pages. Since mere 7 phyla and 24 kinds of soil animals have been appeared, it is demended that more of subjects concerning soil animals especially in relation to environment should be introduced in school textbooks near in the future.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1583-1588
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• 2015

The large intestine is a home for trillions of microbiota, which confer many benefits on the host, including production of vitamins, absorption of nutrients, pathogen displacement, and development of the immune system. For several decades, germ-free animals have been used to study the interaction between the host and its microbiota. This minireview describes the technical aspects for establishing and maintaining germ-free animals and highlights the advantages and disadvantages for germ-free animals as experimental models.

• 생약학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.81-88
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• 1977

Plants and animals with fertility regulation activities which have been used in Korea are surveyed. This survey covers most of the natural resources with contraceptive, abortifacient and emmenagogue activities. It includes 110 plants and 17 animals. Twenty plants and animals with reputed antifertility potential are selected and tabulated.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.1007-1018
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• 2003

평균체중 120kg 내외의 생후 5개월령 한우 27두를 외과적 수술로 거세를 실시한 후 대조구(볏짚 급여구) 10두와 시험구(마늘대 사일리지 급여구) 17두로 나누어 사양시험을 22개월 동안 실시하였다. 농후사료는 대조구에서 육성기, 비육전기 및 비육후기 동안 각각 체중의 1.34, 1.69 및 1.65%를 급여하였고 시험구에서는 1.47, 1.74 및 1.66%를 급여하였다. 조사료원으로 볏짚을 대조구에서 육성기, 비육전기 및 비육후기 동안 각각 체중의 1.37, 0.65 및 0.43%를 급여하였고 시험구에서는 1.38, 0.63 및 0.43%를 급여하였다. 또한 시험구에서는 마늘대 사일리지를 비육전기 및 비육후기 동안 각각 체중의 0.22 및 0.33%를 급여하였다. 본시험의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 일당증체량은 전기간 동안 대조구와 시험구간에 각각 0.80 및 0.81kg으로 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P〉0.05). 농후사료 섭취량은 대조구와 시험구 각각 5.02kg 및 5.35kg으로 시험구가 약간 높았지만 유의적인 차이는 없었으며(P〉0.05), 조사료 섭취량은 대조구와 시험구 각각 2.58 및 3.58kg이었고, 사료효율은 대조구와 시험구가 각각 9.50 및 11.05로 차이는 없었다. 육량 등급은 마늘대 급여구가 약간 낮았지만 유의적인 차이는 없었고(P〉0.05), 육질 등급은 유의적인 차이는 없었지만 시험구가 약간 높았다. 쇠고기의 전단력은 마늘대 급여구가 볏짚 급여구보다 낮았다. 도체의 아미노산 조성은 필수 아미노산 및 비필수 아미노산 모두 처리구간에 차이가 나타나지 않았고, 도체의 지방산 조성 중 포화 지방산은 대조구가 약간 높았고, 불포화 지방산은 반대로 처리구가 약간 높았다. $\omega$-6과 $\omega$-3 지방산의 비율은 마늘대 급여구가 볏짚 급여구보다 좁아서 마늘대 급여가 불포화지방산중 oleic acid 함량이 볏짚 급여구에 비하여 더 높아서 근육 중의 지방산의 조성을 좋게 하는 것 같다. 두당 소득은 시험구가 대조구보다 22.54% 증가하였다. 이상의 결과들을 종합하여 볼 때 한우 거세우에 마늘대 사일리지를 비육기간 동안 급여하면 거세우의 증체에는 영향을 주지는 않지만, 한우 사육 농가에는 소득의 증대를 가져오므로 마늘대 사일리지를 조사료 공급원으로 급여하는 것이 바람직하다고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1407-1416
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• 2007

Ten, first lactation, 87.5%HF dairy cattle were used to investigate effects of long-term administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on nutrient uptake by the mammary gland at different stages of lactation. Measurements of arterial plasma concentrations and arterial-venous differences of metabolites across the mammary gland were performed in combination with measurment of mammary blood flow to estimate the mammary uptake. Animals in experimental groups were injected subcutaneously every 14 days from day 60 of lactation with a prolonged-release formulation of 500 mg of rbST (POSILAC, Monsanto, USA) or with sterile sesame oil without rbST in the control group. During early lactation, the milk yield of rbST-treated animals was higher than that of the control animals (p<0.05). The peak milk yield in both groups of animals declined from the early period of lactation with progression to mid- and late-lactation. No significant changes were observed in the concentration of milk lactose, while the concentrations of milk protein significantly increased as lactation advanced to mid- and late-lactation in both groups. Milk fat concentrations were significantly higher in rbST-treated animals than in control animals, particularly in early lactation (p<0.05). Mammary blood flow (MBF) markedly increased during rbST administration and was maintained at a high level throughout lactation. The mean arterial plasma concentrations for glucose and acetate of rbST-treated animals were unchanged. The net mammary glucose uptake of rbST-treated animals increased approximately 20% during early lactation, while it significantly decreased (p<0.05), including the arteriovenous differences (A-V differences) and extraction ratio across the mammary gland, as lactation advanced to mid- and late-lactation. A-V differences, mammary extraction and mammary uptake for acetate increased during rbST administration and were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the control animals in early and mid-lactation. Mean arterial plasma concentrations for ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate and free glycerol were unchanged throughout the experimental periods in both groups. A-V differences and extraction ratio of ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate across the mammary gland did not alter during rbST administration. Mean arterial plasma concentrations for free fatty acids ($C_{16}$ to $C_{18}$), but not for triacylglycerol, increased in rbST-treated animals and were significantly higher than in control animals during early lactation (p<0.01). These findings suggest that an increase in MBF during rbST administration would not be a major determinant in the mediation of nutrient delivery and uptake by the mammary gland for increased milk production. Local changes in biosynthetic capacity within the mammary gland would be a factor in the utilization of substrates resulting in the rate of decline in milk yield with advancing lactation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2018

Background: The use of different methods for the processing of ginseng can result in alterations in its medicinal properties and efficacy. White ginseng (WG), frozen ginseng (FG), and red ginseng (RG) are produced using different methods. WG, FG, and RG possess different pharmacological properties. Methods: WG, FG, and RG extracts and pure ginsenosides were administered to rats to study the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution characteristics of the following ginsenosides-DRg1, Re, Rb1, and Rd. The concentrations of the ginsenosides in the plasma and tissues were determined using UPLC-MS/MS. Results: The rate and extent of absorption of Rg1, Re, Rb1, and Rd appeared to be affected by the different methods used in processing the ginseng samples. The areas under the plasma drug concentration-time curves (AUCs) of Rg1, Re, Rb1, and Rd were significantly higher than those of the pure ginsenosides. In addition, the AUCs of Rg1, Re, Rb1, and Rd were different for WG, FG, and RG. The amounts of Rg1, Re, Rd, and Rb1 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the tissues than those of the pure ginsenosides. The amounts of Re, Rb1, and Rd from the RG extract were significantly higher than those from the WG and FG extracts in the heart, lungs, and kidneys of the rats. Conclusion: Our results show that the use of different methods to process ginseng might affect the pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of ginseng as well as the tissue concentrations of Rg1, Re, Rd, and Rb1.

• 감성과학
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.69-82
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• 2019

동물은 마음을 갖고 있는가? 우리는 동물의 마음을 실제로 잘 알 수 없기 때문에 동물과의 관계를 통해 동물의 마음을 추정할 가능성이 높다. 본 연구에서는 동물을 사랑하는 태도와 고기를 먹는 행동에 대한 모순적 관계를 동물에 대한 마음지각의 맥락에서 두 개의 연구를 통해 검증하였다. 연구 1에서는 다양한 동물에 대한 마음지각을 경험의 차원과 주도성의 차원에서 분석하였다. 연구 2에서는 소를 고기로 기술한 실험조건과 고기가 아닌 동물로 기술한 통제조건에서 소와 성적 객체화된 여성에 대한 마음지각을 각각 측정하였다. 그 결과 연구 1에서는 동물에 대한 마음지각의 정도가 높을수록 고기를 먹는 행동을 도덕적으로 옳지 않은 것으로 판단하는 평정점수가 높았다. 연구 2에서는 소를 고기로 기술한 실험조건에서 통제조건보다 소와 성적 객체화된 여성에 대한 마음지각이 통제조건보다 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 동물이 '고기'로 제시되는 상황에서는 동물에 대한 마음지각의 조정을 통해 동물을 해치는 행동에 대한 심리적 불편감을 감소시킬 가능성을 생각해볼 수 있다. 이 결과는 인지부조화이론에 따라 고기를 먹는 행동과 동물에 대한 태도의 차이에서 발생하는 심리적 불편감을 줄이고자 동물에 대한 마음지각을 조정하는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 또한 동물에 대한 객체화는 인간에 대한 객체화 및 마음지각에 영향을 끼침을 추정해볼 수 있다. 이 결과는 마음지각, 인지부조화이론 및 객체화이론이 일상에서의 도덕성과 연관된 태도와 행동의 모순적 관계를 설명하는데 유용함을 보여준다.