• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.413-416
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• 1999

To establish feline electroacupuncture anesthesia, 5 cats (mixed, 1 month old, 0.4~0.5 kg, female) were examined in the present study. The acupoints used for feline electroacupuncture anesthesia were Tian-ping and Bai-hui. After perpendicular insertion of needle to Tian-ping and Bai-hui, respectively, positive electrode was connected at Tian-ping and negative electrode was connected at Bai-hui, respectively, Electric condition was 3 V and 30 Hz. To examine the effect of electroacupuncture anesthesia, laparotomy (5 heads)was applied. The pain of the body surface and the extremities excluding the tail was not found, and the induction time of electroacupuncture anesthesia was approximately 1 minute. As for the reactions with electroacupuncture anesthesia, the head part was directed to backward, blepharoreaction was mild and the consciousness was vivid. The class of anesthesia effect was excellent in 4 heads and was poor in 1 head. The pain was not observed and bleeding was comparatively small volume during surgery in excellent group.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.311-314
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• 2001

To elucidate the effect of dorsal acupoints for canine electroacupuncture anesthesia, mongrel dogs(6 heads: 2.6-10.5kg, 3 males and 3 females) were used. After needling perpendicularly to Tian-Ping(GV-5) and Bai-Hui(GV-20), the electrodes were connected with positive to Tian-Ping and negative to Bi-hui, respectively using with veterinary electroacupuncture apparatus(TEC AM-3000). The electric conditions were 2-4V and 30 Hz. The pain of body surface was checked by hemostatic forceps. The effect of electroacupuncture andesthesia was appreciated by application of laparotomy(2 heads), ear trimming and tail amputation(1 head), castration(2 heads) and enterotomy(1 head), respectively. Induction time, clinical findings and operation findings were investigated under the electroacupuncture anesthesia. The induction time of electroacupuncture anesthesia was very rapid, approximately 1 minute and the pain of body surface including the extremities was not detected. As for clinical findings during electroacupuncture anesthesia, consciousness was evident, pupil reflex was weak and blepharoreaction was existed. As for operation findings, pain was not detected during incision and suture, and bleeding was relatively small volume. The grade of electroacupuncture anesthesia was excellent in all cases applied with ear trimming and tail amputation, laparatomy, castration and enterotomy. Considering above all findings, it was thought that electroacupuncture stimulation at Tian-Ping and Bai-hui examined in the present study induced excellent electroacupuncture anesthesia for dogs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.409-412
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• 1999

To establish the electroacupuncture anesthesia for pigs, 6 piglets (Landrace mixed, 1 month old, 3.7~5.3 kg, female: 3 heads and male: 3 heads) were examined. The acupoints used for porcine electroacupuncture anesthesia were An-shen, and Tian-ping and Bai-hui. After horizontal insertion of needle to left and right An-shen, and perpendicular insertion to Tian-ping and Bai-hui, respectively, positive electrode was connected at right An-shen and Tian-ping, and negative electrode was connected at left An-shen and Bai-hui using veterinary electroacupuncture anesthesia apparatus, respectively. Electric condition was 3 V and 30 Hz. To examine the effect of electroacupuncture anesthesia, laparotomy (4 heads) and castration (2 heads)were applied. The induction time of electroacupuncture anesthesia was very rapid and about 1 minute, and pain of the body surface including the extremities was not detected. As for the reactions with electroacupuncture anesthesia, the head was directed to backward, nasal part was curved to one side, and blepharum was closed in part of changed nasal part. In addition, consciousness was vivid, and muscle tension and lift of the tail were observed in early stage but was relaxated afterwards. The pain was not found during incision and suture, bleeding was comparatively small volume and the class of anesthesia effect was excellent.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.417-421
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• 1999

To establish the electroacupuncture anesthesia for experimental animal, 5 adult rabbits (Newzealand-white species) and 6 rats (Spraque-dawley) were examined. The acupoints used for electroacupuncture anesthesia were Tian-ping and Bai-hui. After perpendicular insertion of needle to the acupoints, positive electrode was connected at Tian-ping and negative electrode was connected at Bai-hui using veterinary electroacupuncture anesthesia apparatus, respectively. Electric conditions were 2~3 V and 30 Hz in rabbits, and 1.5~2 V and 30 Hz in rats, respectively. To examine the effect of electroacupuncture anesthesia, laparotomy (2 heads), castration (2 heads) and ovariohysterectomy (1 head) were applied in rabbits, and laparotomy (5 heads) and castration (1 head) were peformed in rats, respectively. The induction time of electroacupuncture anesthesia was very rapid and approximately 1 minute, and pain of body surface including the extremities was not detected in rabbits and rats. As for the reactions with electroacupuncture anesthesia, consciousness was vivid, blepharoreaction was not observed and the tail was up at early stage but was down afterwards in rabbits. The same findings except cotinuous lifting of the tail were observed in rats. The pain was not observed during incision and suture, bleeding was comparatively small volume and the class of anesthesia effect was excellent.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2020

During dental treatment, a dentist usually applies the local anesthesia. Therefore, all dentists should have expertise in local anesthesia and anesthetics. Local anesthetics have a neurotoxic effect at clinically relevant concentrations. Many studies have investigated the mechanism of neurotoxicity of local anesthetics but the precise mechanism of local anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity is still unclear. In addition, it is difficult to demonstrate the direct neurotoxic effect of local anesthetics because perioperative nerve damage is influenced by various factors, such as the anesthetic, the patient, and surgical risk factors. This review summarizes knowledge about the pharmacology of local anesthetics, nerve anatomy, and the incidence, risk factors, and possible cellular mechanisms of local anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.245-254
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• 2018

Background: When performing dental treatment under general anesthesia in adult patients who have difficulty cooperating due to intellectual disabilities, anesthesia induction may be difficult as well. In particular, patients who refuse to come into the dental office or sit in the dental chair may have to be forced to do so. However, for adult patients with a large physique, physical restraint may be difficult, while oral sedatives as premedication may be helpful. Here, a retrospective analysis was performed to investigate the effect of oral sedatives. Methods: A hospital-based medical information database was searched for patients who were prescribed oral midazolam or triazolam between January 2009 and December 2017. Pre-anesthesia evaluation, anesthesia, and anesthesia recovery records of all patients were analyzed, and information on disability type, reason for prescribing oral sedatives, prescribed medication and dose, cooperation level during anesthesia induction, anesthesia duration, length of recovery room stay, and complications was retrieved. Results: A total of 97 patients were identified, of whom 50 and 47 received midazolam and triazolam, respectively. The major types of disability were intellectual disabilities, autism, Down syndrome, blindness, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy. Analyses of changes in cooperation levels after drug administration showed that anesthesia induction without physical restraint was possible in 56.0% of patients in the midazolam group and in 46.8% of patients in the triazolam group (P = 0.312). Conclusions: With administration of oral midazolam or triazolam, general anesthesia induction without any physical restraint was possible in approximately 50% of patients, with no difference between the drugs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.399-403
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• 1998

To clarify the anesthetic effect of acupoint injection(aquapupuncture) using general anasthetics in dogs, 18 mongrel dogs were divided into control and two experimental groups(Tian-ping+Bai-hui : Tian-ping group and San-yang-luo+Gong-sun group : San -yang- lux group). Control group was intramuscularly injected with ketamine hydrochloride, 22 mg/ kg of body weight into the thigh and experimental groups were injected into each acupoint with half volume of dosage, respectively. Clinical findings(recumbency time, induction time of anesthesia, time of head lift and standing time) and changes of vital sign(temperature, heart rate and respiration rate) were investigates at pre-anesthesia, during anesthesia and poststanding, respectively. In recumbency time San-yang-luo groupui<0.05) and Tian-ping group (p<0.05) were faster than that of control, respectively and Tian-ping group was the fastest. In induction time of anesthesia San-yang-luo group was similar to that of control, however, Tian-ping group was faster than that of control(p

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.404-409
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• 1998

To elucidate the effect of the acupoints of the limbo for canine electroacupunhur anesthesial total 140 heads of dogs were used. The animals were divided into 3 experimental groups(Gong-sun, San-yin-jiao and Qiang-feng and contro1 group(non-acupoint). The induction time, clinical findings and the results of operation using laparatomy were investigated under the electroacupunture anesthesia and compared with those of control. The induction time of electroacupunture anesthesia was very rapids about 1 minute in experimental groups, while it is unable to succeed in anesthesia of control group. As far clinical Bindings during electroacupunture anesthesia, the experimental animals had vivid consciousness and stability without tumult and barking. The success rate of operation was high with decreasing order of Gong-sun group(50/50, 100%) > San-yin·jiao group(26/30, 86.7%) 1 Qiag-feng group(18/ 30, 60%) in experimental groups. Considering above findings collectively, the combination of Gong-sun and San-yang-luo is thought to be best method among the acupoints of the limbs for canine electroacupunture anesthesia.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.337-346
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• 2023

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of local anesthesia (LA) on postoperative pain and hemostasis after dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia (DRGA) in pediatric patients. Methods: A total of 43 patients, aged 3-7 years and rated ASA I or II, who had a definitely negative rating on Frankel's behavior rating scale, were included in this two-arm, parallel-design, single-blinded, randomized, controlled study. The patients were allocated equally into two main groups receiving both restorative treatments and tooth extractions. Two pain scales and one bleeding scale were used. In Group A, the treatment was done with LA, and in Group B, the treatment was done without LA. Results: The statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the pain scores between the groups. It also revealed significant differences in the bleeding scores between the groups but no significant differences in the duration of bleeding. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the use of LA in pediatric dental patients undergoing DRGA had no effects on postoperative pain reduction or bleeding duration after teeth extraction. We also observed that the use of LA had an impact on the reduction in the bleeding scores in pediatric dental patients undergoing DRGA.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2020

Background: This study aimed to compare the pain levels during anesthesia and the efficacy of the QuickSleeper intraosseous (IO) injection system and conventional inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) in impacted mandibular third molar surgery. Methods: This prospective randomized clinical trial included 30 patients (16 women, 14 men) with bilateral symmetrical impacted mandibular third molars. Thirty subjects randomly received either the IO injection or conventional IANB at two successive appointments. A split-mouth design was used in which each patient underwent treatment of a tooth with one of the techniques and treatment of the homologous contralateral tooth with the other technique. The subjects received 1.8 mL of 2% articaine. Subjects' demographic data, pain levels during anesthesia induction, tooth extractions, and mouth opening on postoperative first, third, and seventh days were recorded. Pain assessment ratings were recorded using the 100-mm visual analog scale. The latency and duration of the anesthetic effect, complications, and operation duration were also analyzed in this study. The duration of anesthetic effect was considered using an electric pulp test and by probing the soft tissue with an explorer. Results: Thirty patients aged between 18 and 47 years (mean age, 25 years) were included in this study. The IO injection was significantly less painful with lesser soft tissue numbness and quicker onset of anesthesia and lingual mucosa anesthesia with single needle penetration than conventional IANB. Moreover, 19 out of 30 patients (63%) preferred transcortical anesthesia. Mouth opening on postoperative first day was significantly better with intraosseous injection than with conventional IANB (P = 0.013). Conclusion: The IO anesthetic system is a good alternative to IANB for extraction of the third molar with less pain during anesthesia induction and sufficient depth of anesthesia for the surgical procedure.