• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.33-48
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• 2005

The Rule of False Position is known as an arithmetical solution of algebraical equations. On the other hand, the Excess-Deficit Rule is an algorithm for calculating about excessive or deficient quantitative relations, which is found in the ancient eastern mathematical books, including the nine chapters on the mathematical arts. It is usually said that the origin of the Rule of False Position is the Excess-Deficit Rule in ancient Chinese mathematics. In relation to these facts, we pose two questions: - As many authors explain, the excess-deficit rule is a solution of simultaneous linear equations？ - Which relation is there between the two rules explicitly？ To answer these Questions, we consider the Rule of Single/Double False Position and research the Excess-Deficit Rule in some ancient mathematical books of Chosun Dynasty that was heavily affected by Chinese mathematics. And we pursue their historical traces in Egypt, Arab and Europe. As a result, we can make sure of the status of the Excess-Deficit Rule differing from the Rectangular Arrays(the solution of simultaneous linear equations) and identify the relation of the two rules: the application of the Excess-Deficit Rule including supposition in ancient Chinese mathematics corresponds to the Rule of Double False Position in western mathematics. In addition, we try to appreciate didactical value of the Rule of False Position which is apt to be considered as a historical by-product.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.689-693
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• 2008

Ancient Chinese in the roof of the building referred to as "the big roof". This paper make a research on style of roof,to find out the identify contemporary social construction of a representative, the distinctive features of varying roof styles with examples. Using pictures and text, contrast to the situation, to explain why the roof of the ancient form of modern architecture can be widely used. Ultimately concluded that the ancient traditional roof styles in contemporary architecture in the use of a wide range is traditional culture and promoting the inheritance.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.104-128
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• 1996

In the ancient times, the medical practice relied primarily upon human instincts and experiences at the same time, shaman's incantations were widely believed to cure diseases, the workings of evil spirits supposedly. For the period from the Old Chosun through Samhan(三韓), Chinese refugees brought a long medical knowledge and skills of the continent. New Chinese medicine, traditional practices and incantations were generally used at this time. In Samhan, however, the last was the most important, performed by a Chongoon(天君). Medicine and the medical system were arranged by the period of the Three Countries(三國時代). No definite record concerning Koguryo remains now. As for Paekje, however, history shows that they set up the system under the Chinese influence, assigning medical posts such as Euibaksa(醫博士, medical doctor), Chaeyaksa(採藥師, pharmacist), and Jukeumsa(呪禁師, medicine man) within Yakbu(藥部, department of medicine). Scientifically advanced, they sent experts to Japan, giving a tremendous influence on the development of the science in ancient Japan. After the unification of the three countries, Shilla(新羅) had theri own system after the model of Dang(唐). This system of the Unified Shilla was continued down to Koryo(高麗) and became the backbone of the future ones.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.125-138
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• 2020

We determine the observing sites for eclipses of large magnitude recorded in ancient Chinese chronicles from 200 BCE to 900 CE, by adopting the difference between terrestrial time and universal time, ΔT, given by Morrison & Stephenson (2004). The records of solar eclipses with large magnitude are divided into four groups in accordance with the historical variations of the capital cities of ancient Chinese dynasties. We determine areas in which all the eclipses in each group, with an eclipse magnitude larger than a certain threshold value, could be observed. We find that these areas coincide with the historical capitals, which agrees with the general idea that the solar eclipses were observed at the capital of each dynasty. This result also verifies the ΔT values during the period from 100 BCE to 400 CE, during which historical records of eclipses are so rare that the ΔT values can only be obtained by interpolating the long-term data. Moreover, we show that the eclipses described by the term Ji in East-Asian history are not all total eclipses; their mean magnitude is 0.96 ± 0.04. We find that complementary expressions, such as dark daytime and appearance of stars during the eclipse, strengthen the possibility that eclipses described by the term Ji were total. We also provide quantitative definitions for expressions such as 'being not complete and like a hook', 'being almost complete', 'visibility of stars during the eclipse', and 'darkness during an eclipse.' The literal meanings of these expressions are in agreement with the recent physical modeling of sky brightness during total eclipses provided by Können & Hinz (2008).

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.11-22
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• 2003

In this paper, we investigate the types and roles of ancient mathematical proof by exploring Gu-Jang-Sal-Sul. Gu-Jang-Sal-Sul is a ancient Chinese mathematics book. Types of proof contained in Gu-Jang-Sal-Sul are enactive proof and intuitive proof and the role of proof is explanation. And we suggest social background of proof in Gu-Jang-Sal-Sul topographically, culturally, and logically.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2008

It has been considered that 'exhausted eclipses' (日食旣) were total eclipses. However, modern precise calculations show that a significant fraction of such records are not realized to be total. Thus we doubt that the two concepts are equivalent. Here we investigate the meaning of 'exhausted eclipses' in the east-Asian history. We first find that eclipses of magnitude greater than 0.8 were regarded as 'exhausted eclipses' by a Korean astronomer of the 18th-century Choson dynasty. His notion was based upon the definition of 'exhausted eclipses' in the ephemerides of pre-modern Chinese dynasties. According to those ephemerides, the 'exhausted eclipses', whose magnitude is greater than 0.8, have the first contact at the western part of the solar disk and the fourth contact at the eastern part of the solar disk. A simple geometrical calculation shows that such cases really occur when the magnitude of eclipse is greater than 0.7. We pointed out that such an ancient definition might not be impractical for ancient astronomers, because the uncertainty of eclipse magnitude estimated by ancient Chinese ephemerides was 10% and the human sight has a spatial resolution of 1.2 arcmin, which is approximately one twentieth of the Sun's angular diameter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.101-115
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• 2017

Ancient documents, characters, and relics are the utmost important materials when it comes to researching ancient clothing. Of these, the ancient characters explain the contents of the time, which makes it an objective historical record. China has hieroglyphics, such as oracle bone inscription and bronzeware script, which existed in Sang[Eun] Ju era. This character is formed by a simple line and detailed drawing, showing the object or the concrete form and characteristics, so the reader can understand the meaning. Oracle bone inscription and bronzeware script, which are written in pictograph, include contents that help to grasp the original shape and form of ancient official hats. Chinese characters Geon(巾, 건) Byun(㝸, 변) Myun(免, 면) Mo(冒, 모) Ju(冑, 주) and Kwan(冠, 관), which are the names of the official hats, have been researched, and Mi(美, 미) Ryung(令, 령) Wang(王, 왕) and Hwang(皇, 황), which are the characters related to the official hats, have been studied. Geon(巾, 건) switched its form from shape of material around waist to wraping wearer's head. Byun(㝸, 변) is a hat with decoration, and Myun(免, 면) is in form of a helmet with ornaments. Mo(冒, 모) in bone script looks like a hat with decorations on each sides, but in bronzeware script, it is more like a simple round hat Ju(冑, 주) covers one's head and has decorated ornaments, and The Kwan(冠, 관), which is now a common name of official hats, is not shown in oracle bone inscription or bronzeware script, It might have been used later than the other two types of hats. As for the related Chinese characters, Mi(美, 미) is in the shape of a feather decoration, Ryung(令, 령) is similar in shape to the letter 'A', and Wang(王, 왕) is in shape of simple hat from 령 with decorations. Hwang(皇, 황) is like a Wang(王, 왕) hat, but with fancier decorations. Oracle bone inscription and bronzeware script show the original form and shape of ancient hats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.13 no.3 s.31
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• pp.268-285
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• 1989

The purpose of this thesis is to understand the concrete forms of the traditional Chinese trousers and finally to compare the forms and cuts of the Chinese, Japanese and Korean trousers, which shared the same form in the beginning. The literature survey helps to draw the following conclusions: 1. The first trousers of ancient China were adapted from the nomadic people of the North Asia. 2. The ancient Chinese had both forms of trousers consited of(a) I-letter typed crotch line and (b)$\lambda$-letter typed crotch-line. 3. The folk trousers of China consist mainly of $\lambda$-letter typed seamline which is the trouser form shared among some of the North-Eastern Asiatic people. 4. The open trousers are worn over the closed crotch trousers. 5. The open crotch trousers seems to be developed from the leggings of the nomadic people.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.155-165
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• 2010

In this study, we investigate the changes in the equatorial lodge degrees and polar distance degrees of determinative stars in the ancient Chinese archives. Confirmed is the fact that the coordinate values of those determinative stars defined in B.C. 104 had been used until the 8th century but were modified by the observations of Li Chunfeng (李淳風) in the early 7th century and Yixing (一行) in 723 A.D. The results of this study are compared with those in History of Chinese Astronomical Observations of Pan Nai. By applying the results of comtemporary astrodynamical calculations, their reliability is checked, and the corrected catalogues of Shi Shi (石氏) and Yixing are provided. The positional accuracy of those observations is estimated to be one degree.

• 중국학논총
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• no.61
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• pp.49-75
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• 2019

Three types of plural forms are discovered in the ancient literature 《Chung-ui-jig-eon》: propositional plural markers placed in front of the main word - either noun or pronoun, postpositional plural markers placed behind the main word, and pro-/postpositional mixed plural markers. The Mongolian Rule in China during Yuan Dynasty caused the osmotic linguistic imperialism of the Mongolian over the Chinese language. Mongolian language - an Altaiian language which is postpositional - dominantly influenced the Chinese language - which is a propositional language. In addition, the previous usage of '輩', '等', '伟', '满' in Ancient Chinese, made it easier for '每' to be accepted and grammaticalized as a plural marker. The grammaticalization of '每' had been progressed through the reinterpretation of '每' in the structure of 'S(NP)+每+VP'. As a result, '每' had started to be widely used as a postpositional plural ending behind noun or pronoun, regardless of its position in the sentence.