• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2023

Purpose: This study evaluated anatomical variations in the root canals of the lower premolars and molars in a Brazilian sub-population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: In total, 121 CBCT images of patients were selected from a database. All images contained lower first and second premolars and molars on both sides of the arch, fully developed roots, and no treatment, resorption, or calcifications. In each image, the root canals of the lower premolars and molars were evaluated according to the Vertucci classification in On-Demand 3D software in the multiplanar reconstruction with dynamic navigation. Twenty-five percent of the images were re-assessed to analyze intraobserver confidence with the kappa test. Data were statistically evaluated with linear regression to evaluate the correlations of anatomic variations with age and sex, and the Wilcoxon test to analyze the laterality of variations, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The intraobserver agreement (0.94) was excellent. In general, the root canals of lower premolars and molars showed a higher prevalence of type I than other Vertucci classification types, followed by type V in premolars and type II in molars. When the molar roots were evaluated separately, type II was more frequent in mesial roots and type I in distal roots. Although age showed no correlations with the results, sex and laterality showed correlations with tooth 45 and the lower second premolars, respectively. Conclusion: The lower premolars and molars of a Brazilian sub-population showed a wide range of root canal anatomic variations.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.182-188
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• 2003

배경: 본태성 수부다한증에 대한 흉부교감신경절 교통가지절제술은 해당 교감신경 분포부위만 차단하는 수술이므로 기존의 교감신경수술에 비해 선택적(selective)이고 생리적(physiologic)인 수술방법으로 받아들여지고 있으나 수술결과에 있어서 환자에 따라 혹은 동일한 환자에서도 양쪽 사이에 발한 감소의 차이가 있고 재발률이 높다는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이에 저자들은 수술결과의 차이와 술 후 재발에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요소로 상부 흉부교감신경절 교통가지의 해부학적 변이를 조사하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 본태성 수부다한증에 대한 흉부교감신경절 교통가지절제술의 임상적 적용에 있어서 개인간 혹은 동일인의 양쪽간 수술결과의 차이를 줄임과 동시에 수술 후 재발률을 떨어뜨릴 수 있는 새로운 수술방법을 개발하는 데 있다. 대상 및 방법: 연세대학교 해부학교실에서 흉부교감신경계의 손상이나 훼손이 없는 구의 한국인 사체 59구(남자 26구, 여자 16구)를 대상으로 총 118쪽의 흉부교감신경계를 해부하여 손에 분포하는 주된 교감신경인 제2, 3, 4 흉부교감신경절 교통가지의 주행을 조사하였다. 59구의 사체 모두 양쪽에서 흉부교감신경줄기의 해부학적 형태를 비교하였고 본태성수부다한증과 관련된 흉부교감신경절 교통가지의 해부학적 변이를 조사하였다. 결과: 교통가지의 해부학적 변이는 제2흉부교감신경절에서 가장 심했으며 아래로 내려갈수록 변이가 점점 줄어드는 양상을 보이고 있었다. 59구의 사체에서 양쪽 흉부교감신경줄기를 비교한 결과 양쪽의 해부학적 형태가 유사한 경우는 전체의 15.3% (9/59)에 불과하였고 나머지 84.7% (50/59)에서 양쪽의 해부학적 구조가 다르게 나타났다. 총 118쪽의 흉부교감신경줄기를 해부한 결과 본태성 수부다한증과 관련이 있는 흉부교감신경절 교통가지의 해부학적 변이로 쿤츠씨 신경이 55.9% (66/118)에서 관찰되었고 제2흉부교감신경절에서 제3늑간신경으로 연결되는 교통가지 및 제3흉부교감신경절로부터 제4늑간신경에 연결되는 하행교통가지가 각각 49.2% (58/118)와 28.0% (33/118)로 나타났으며 제3흉부효감신경절에서 제2늑간신경으로, 제4흉부교감신경절에서 제3늑간신경으로 각각 연결되는 상행교통가지도 6.8% (8/118), 3.4% (4/118)에서 관찰되었다. 결론. 본 연구에서 상부 흉부교감신경절 교통가지의 다양한 해부학적 변이로 인해 동일한 방법으로 수술하더라도 개인에 따라 심지어는 동일인의 양쪽에서도 수술결과의 차이가 나타날 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 흉부교감신경줄기를 거치지 않는 쿤츠씨 신경 및 하행 혹은 상행 교통가지를 차단하지 못할 경우 재발이 생길 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 본태성 수부다한증에 대한 흉부교감신경절 교통가지절제술 시 수술결과의 차이를 줄이고 재발을 감소시키기 위해서는 제3흉부교감신경절에서 제3늑간신경으로 연결되는 교통가지들을 절제함과 동시에 제2늑골 위에서 쿤츠씨 신경을 절단하고 제3, 4늑골 위에서 제2, 3, 4흉부교감신경절로부터 제3, 4늑간신경으로 각각 연결되는 상행 및 하행 교통가지들을 모두 절단해주는 것이 도움이 될 것이라 생각한다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.135-144
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• 1989

Celiac plexus block is recommended in patients with intractable upper abdominal cancer pain. The success rate of a celiac plexus block is variable among the authors. One of the causes of this is the anatomical variations of the celiac plexus. There has not been a study concerning anatomical observations of the celiac plexus in Korean cadavers. So, anatomical dissections were performed and observations were made of the celiac plexus and related structures in Korean cadavers. The results were as follows: 1) The subjects were 21 male bodies and 5 female bodies. The mean age at death was $69.9{\pm}15.5$ years (range 37~93). The mean height was $155.5{\pm}8.3\;cm$ (range 143~172). 2) The number of celiac ganglia ranged from 1~4. The mean numbers were $2.3{\pm}1.9$ in the right plexus and $1.9{\pm}0.8$ in the left, and the mean sizes were $18.9{\pm}7.7{\times}8.0{\pm}3.8\;mm^2$ and $18.5{\pm}8.3{\times}9.5{\pm}3.9\;mm^2$ respectively. 3) Celiac ganglia were most frequently located at the level of the upper third and middle third of L1 in both sides (65.5% in right, 64.0% in left). The vertical range of celiac ganglia ranged from 1 space, which is one third the height of one vertebral body, to 4 spaces. Mean vertical ranges were $1.5{\pm}0.6$ spaces in the right plexus and $1.6{\pm}0.7$ spaces in the left. The celiac ganglia located at the level of the upper third of L1 in the right and the lower third of L1 in the left side, had the largest vertical ranges respectively ($1.8{\pm}0.5$ spaces in right, $2.3{\pm}0.6$ spaces in left) 4) Right side celiac ganglia were located near the midline of the vertebrae compared to the left ones (mean 5.0 mm) The horizontal dimension was greater in the right ganglia ($24.2{\pm}9.2\;mm$) than in the left ganglia ($l8.8{\pm}7.0\;mm$). 5) There was no vertebral level difference between both celiac ganglia in most cases (60%). However, of the 40% of cases at different levels, in half of these (20%) the right ganglia were located higher than the left ganglia; and in the other 20%, this was reversed. 6) The origin sites of the celiac artery were most frequently in the upper third and middle third of L1 (61.6%). The celiac ganglia were usually located at the same level as the site of origin of the celiac artery (61.6% in right, 52.0% in left). 7) The vertebral level of the splanchnic nerves piercing the abdominal surface of the diaphragm was most frequently in the upper third and middle third of L1 (66.6% in right, 66.7% in left). 8) The level of the origin of diaphragmatic crura from the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies varied from the L1-L2 interspace to the L3-L4 interspace. Right crura most frequently originated at the level of the lower third of L2 to the upper third of L3 (57.6%), while left crura originated from the level of the L2-L3 interspace to the middle third of L3 (69.3%). From the above results, we realized that there were some anatomical variations of the celiac plexus and its relations to adjacent structures in Korean bodies. However, when the needle point is behind the anterior margin of the upper third of L1, it is possible to perform a successful retrocrural splanchnic nerve block.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.528-533
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• 2015

Objective : We sought to examine anatomic variations of the atlas and the clinical significance of these variations. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed 1029 cervical 3-dimensional (3D) CT images. Cervical 3D CT was performed between November 2011 and August 2014. Arcuate foramina were classified as partial or complete and left and/or right. Occipitalization of the atlas was classified in accordance with criteria specified by Mudaliar et al. Posterior arch defects of the atlas were classified in accordance with criteria specified by Currarino et al. Results : One hundred and eight vertebrae (108/1029, 10.5%) showed an arcuate foramen. Bilateral arcuate foramina were present in 41 of these vertebrae and the remaining 67 arcuate foramina were unilateral (right 31, left 36). Right-side arcuate foramina were partial on 18 sides and complete on 54 sides. Left-side arcuate foramina were partial on 24 sides and complete on 53 sides. One case of atlas assimilation was found. Twelve patients (12/1029, 1.17%) had a defect of the atlantal posterior arch. Nine of these patients (9/1029, 0.87%) had a type A posterior arch defect. We also identified one type B, one type D, and one type E defect. Conclusion : Preoperative diagnosis of occipitalization of the atlas and arcuate foramina using 3D CT is of paramount importance in avoiding neurovascular injury during surgery. It is important to be aware of posterior arch defects of the atlas because they may be misdiagnosed as a fracture.

• 치과방사선
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.91-102
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• 1990

The aim of this study was to establish the diagnostic criteria of normal parotid glands in adults revealing the anatomical shape, its variations and the postitional relationships of the gland. Materials included 96 lateral and anterior-posterior sialograms of selected person from 23 to 28 years of age. Results were as follows: 1. The average length and lateral displacement of main duct was 48.43㎜ and l6.88㎜. The mean lumen diameter of that was 0.91㎜ in distal end and 1.40㎜ in hilar end in parotid glands. 2. The average angle of main duct to the inferior border of mandib was 34.32 degree. In configurations of main duct, modified curvilinear type was. most prevalent and followed by curvilinear, reverse sigmoid, sigmoid type. 3. The mean caliber of parotid gland was the longest in superior-inferior. 4. The interlobar ducts showed relatively well defined in all cases, its average number was 5.72. Arrangement of these ducts showed at random. Accessory lobe showed 87.5% in the all cases, its average number was 1.7. 5. There were no difference between the well and poorly defined acinar fillings in the glandular parenchyme. 6. There were no differences between right and left parotid glands in size and shape of main duct and parenchymal portion, but there were great variations in each individuals.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.254-263
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• 2023

Background The three-dimensional (3D) evaluation of skeletal stability after orthognathic surgery is a time-consuming and complex procedure. The complexity increases further when evaluating the surgery-first orthognathic approach (SFOA). Herein, we propose and validate a simple time-saving method of 3D analysis using a single software, demonstrating high accuracy and repeatability. Methods This retrospective cohort study included 12 patients with skeletal class 3 malocclusion who underwent bimaxillary surgery without any presurgical orthodontics. Computed tomography (CT)/cone-beam CT images of each patient were obtained at three different time points (preoperation [T0], immediately postoperation [T1], and 1 year after surgery [T2]) and reconstructed into 3D images. After automatic surface-based alignment of the three models based on the anterior cranial base, five easily located anatomical landmarks were defined to each model. A set of angular and linear measurements were automatically calculated and used to define the amount of movement (T1-T0) and the amount of relapse (T2-T1). To evaluate the reproducibility, two independent observers processed all the cases, One of them repeated the steps after 2 weeks to assess intraobserver variability. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated at a 95% confidence interval. Time required for evaluating each case was recorded. Results Both the intra- and interobserver variability showed high ICC values (more than 0.95) with low measurement variations (mean linear variations: 0.18 mm; mean angular variations: 0.25 degree). Time needed for the evaluation process ranged from 3 to 5 minutes. Conclusion This approach is time-saving, semiautomatic, and easy to learn and can be used to effectively evaluate stability after SFOA.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.32-34
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• 2009

The common carotid artery generally bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries at the level of C3-4. Injury to the common carotid artery during anterior cervical discectomy is a complication that is very much feared but encountered rarely. Knowing the anatomic variations of the common carotid artery and using an operating microscope during the anterior cervical approach for cases with low-lying bifurcation of the common carotid artery would prevent injuries to this artery. We present a 42-year-old female who has successfully undergone anterior cervical discectomy at the level of C5-6 and C6-7. She had a low-lying bifurcation of the common carotid artery.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.236-239
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• 2007

복재-대퇴 접합부 박리 시 외음부동맥과 대복재정맥 분지의 해부학적인 변이는 자주 발견되나 대퇴동맥과 대퇴정맥의 위치 전이는 매우 드문 것으로 알려져 있다. 하지정맥류 수술 시 이러한 해부학적 변이를 염두에 둔다면 수술 시 발생되는 문제점들을 최소화할 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

• 대한구순구개열학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2008

The variations of cleft lip deformities imposed the difficulty to the surgical correction for them. Straight line technique for cleft lip surgery has been ignored quite long since other techniques were developed. Initially the straight line technique was introduced and widely accepted because it is simple and easy to perform during the period of no adequate anesthetics. But it was abandoned for its several shortcomings such as tighten lip, vermilion notching, anatomical distortion, and wound contractures. Recently, some groups advocated the usefulness of straight line technique which has a significant modification from its original form. Additionally the variable degree of cleft lip deformity allows simple straight line closure for those patients. Here a case of simple straight line technique was presented and discussed for its reliability and plausible results as well.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제18호
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• pp.3-8
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• 1999

In accordance with the growing up to a fine-built national physique on national economic rapid growth, It should be made a partial amendment on the Installation planing of sanitary ware. If users who regard have no problem as using facilities in a unisex toilet, It'll be not only falling down the separation of toilet booth with substantial sanitary problems step by step as follow. 1. The urinal should be pay due regard to such a shape which intercepts stream before the point of dispersion and variations in splash effects according to angles between stream and contact urinal surface with deferent of age and health of users 2. Urinal should be fit for the perineum height of male and so It could be install differently according to the Anatomical Percentile of users.