• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.30-31
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• 2015

PPPs in international development cooperation can be challenging due limited capacities in the country, weaknesses in terms of policy and legislative frameworks, differences in mindsets, values, work ethics and hierarchical structures as well as cultural issues. These can lead to misunderstandings and implementation problems. However, a careful assessment of the situation on the ground, stakeholder analysis and needs assessment can help to identify potential bottlenecks and address capacity constraints that could slowdown operations. A sound understanding of local power dynamics and work practices can help to put in place an exit strategy which will enhance the projects' sustainability. Making sure that goals and objectives are understood in the same way by all partners, establishing an ongoing and respectful dialogue between them, as well as transparent implementation and monitoring mechanisms can also contribute to the PPP's success and increase the likeliness to make a difference in the lives of those in needs.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.10 no.spc
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

This paper reviewed the researches of adolescent's behavior as following three main viewpoint in order to defend the impairment of adolescent's rights to their own life style: (1) the influences of environmental factors(family, school and society) to adolescent's behavior, (2) the influences of adolescent's activity areas or activities to their behavior and (3) the understanding of adolescent's behavior by the analysis of their delinquent activities. For further understandings of adolescent's behavior, the dynamic research approaches and the interdisciplinary studies are necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.18-25
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• 2005

Existing methods have performed the reliability analysis using nonlinear optimization techniques. This is mainly due to the fact that they directly apply Multidisciplinary Design Optimization(MDO) frameworks to the reliability analysis formulation. Accordingly, the reliability analysis and the Multidisciplinary Analysis(MDA) are tightly coupled in a single optimizer, which hampers utilizing the recursive and function-approximation based reliability analysis methods such as the Advanced First Order Reliability Method(AFORM). In order to utilize the efficient reliability analysis method under multidisciplinary analysis systems, we propose a new strategy named Sequential Approach on Reliability Analysis under Multidisciplinary analysis systems(SARAM). In this approach, the reliability analysis and the MDA are decomposed and arranged in a sequential manner, making a recursive loop. The efficiency of the SARAM method was verified using three illustrative examples taken from the literatures. Compared with existing methods, it showed the least number of subsystem analyses over other methods while maintaining accuracy.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.287-298
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to analyze the compensation law for Special Mission Executors enacted to compensate for sacrifices for the state based on the policy framework proposed by Gilbert and Terrell and to present the limitations and development directions of the compensation policy. In particular, this study presents the characteristics of each dimension of the policy through the bases of social allocation, the types of social provisions, the strategies for the delivery, and the ways to finance. Through the analysis, We deduce problems of the compensation law for Special Mission Executors. Representative limitations of the compensation policy can be summarized as follows. Due to extreme selectivism, the limitations are the narrow selection criteria of the targets, the benefits which are not out of proportional to contributions, delayed benefits and the decrease in the size of public resources. These limitations suggest that the compensation policy for Special Mission Executors does not contain the significance of the Patriots and Veterans Affairs Policy. The value the Patriots and Veterans Affairs can be considered as a means for repaying the contributions who sacrificed for the nation. Therefore, the government needs to make efforts to develop a policy with the true significance of the Patriots and Veterans Affairs.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.359-374
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• 2017

The seismic events in Northern Italy, May 2012, have revealed the seismic vulnerability of typical Italian precast industrial buildings. The aim of this paper is to present a seismic fragility model for Italian RC precast buildings, to be used in earthquake loss estimation and seismic risk assessment by comparing two building typologies and three different codes: D.M. 3-03-1975, D.M. 16-01-1996 and current Italian building code that has been released in 2008. Based on geometric characteristics and design procedure applied, ten different building classes were identified. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed for each building class in order to generate the building stock used for the development of fragility curves trough analytical method. The probabilistic distributions of geometry were mainly obtained from data collected from 650 field surveys, while the material properties were deduced from the code in place at the time of construction or from expert opinion. The structures were modelled in 2D frameworks; since the past seismic events have identified the beam-column connection as the weakest element of precast buildings, two different modelling solutions were adopted to develop fragility curves: a simple model with post processing required to detect connection collapse and an innovative modelling solution able to reproduce the real behaviour of the connection during the analysis. Fragility curves were derived using both nonlinear static and dynamic analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2011

This study analyzed the items for the Home Economics teacher selection test, which were carried out through the school year 2002 to 2010, based on Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Home Economics Education (H-PCK). Two frameworks were used: (1) H-PCK matrix transformed from the Content Knowledge in Home Economics Education (H-CK) and the Pedagogical Knowledge; (2) Five components of H-PCK. The results of this study were as follows: (1) The test items were classified into H-CK items and H-PCK items from the H-PCK matrix analysis. (2) While the number of items on knowledge of teaching strategies was the highest, no item on knowledge of understanding students was identified. Since the test can be considered as Measurement-Driven Instruction, it will have backward influences on the teacher education program in universities. Thus, if promising and capable new Home Economics teachers are to be recruited, the test items should include all the components of H-PCK.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.191-211
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• 2015

Several frameworks for the dynamic analysis of wind-vehicle-bridge systems were presented in the past decade to study the safety or ride comfort of road vehicles as they pass through bridges under crosswinds. The wind loads on the vehicles were generally formed based on the aerodynamic parameters of the stationary vehicles on the ground, and the wind loads for the pure bridge decks without the effects of road vehicles. And very few studies were carried out to explore the dynamic effects of the aerodynamic interference between road vehicles and bridge decks, particularly for the moving road vehicles. In this study, the aerodynamic parameters for both the moving road vehicle and the deck considering the mutually-affected aerodynamic effects are formulized firstly. And the corresponding wind loads on the road vehicle-bridge system are obtained. Then a refined analytical framework of the WVB system incorporating the resultant wind loads, a driver model, and the road roughness in plane to fully consider the lateral motion of the road vehicle under crosswinds is proposed. It is shown that obvious lateral and yaw motions of the road vehicle occur. For the selected single road vehicle passing a long span bridge, slight effects are caused by the aerodynamic interference between the moving vehicle and deck on the dynamic responses of the system.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.487-498
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• 2018

Buckling-restrained braces are passive control devices with high level of energy dissipation ability. However, they suffer from low post-yield stiffness which makes them vulnerable to severe ground motions, especially near-field earthquakes. Among the several methods proposed to improve resistance of BRB frames, mega-brace configuration can be a solution to increase frame lateral strength and stiffness and improve distribution of forces to prevent large displacement in braces. Due to the limited number of research regarding the performance of such systems, the current paper aims to assess seismic performance of BRB frames with mega-bracing arrangement under near-field earthquakes via a detailed probabilistic framework. For this purpose, a group of multi-story mega-BRB frames were modelled by OpenSEES software platform. In the first part of the paper, simplified procedures including nonlinear pushover and Incremental Dynamic Analysis were conducted for performance evaluation. Two groups of near-fault seismic ground motions (Non-pulse and Pulse-like records) were considered for analyses to take into account the effects of record-to-record uncertainties, as well as forward directivity on the results. In the second part, seismic reliability analyses are conducted in the context of performance based earthquake engineering. Two widely-known EDP-based and IM-based probabilistic frameworks are employed to estimate collapse potential of the structures. Results show that all the structures can successfully tolerate near-field earthquakes with a high level of confidence level. Therefore, mega-bracing configuration can be an effective alternative to conventional BRB bracing to withstand near-field earthquakes.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.76 no.2
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• pp.193-205
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• 2020

The growing need for assuring efficient and sustainable investments in civil engineering structures has determined a renovated interest in the rational design of such structures from designers, clients and authorities. As a result, risk-informed decision-making methodologies are increasingly being used as a direct decision tool or as an upper-level layer from which performance-based approaches are then calibrated against. One of the most important and challenging aspects of today's structural design is to adequately handle the system-level effects, the known unknowns and the unknown unknowns. These aspects revolve around assessing and evaluating relevant damage scenarios, namely those involving unacceptable/intolerable damage levels. Hence, the importance of risk analysis of disproportionate collapse, and along with it of robustness. However, the way robustness has been used in modern design codes varies substantially, from simple provisions of prescriptive rules to complex risk analysis of the disproportionate collapse. As a result, implementing design for robustness is still very much a grey area and more so when it comes to defining means to quantify robustness. This paper revisits the most common robustness frameworks, highlighting their merits and limitations, and identifies one among them which is very promising as a way forward to solve the still open challenges.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2017

Increased use of software and complexity of software functions, as well as shortened software quality evaluation periods, have increased the importance and necessity for automation of software testing. Automating software testing by using machine learning not only minimizes errors in manual testing, but also allows a speedier evaluation. Research on machine learning in automated software testing has so far focused on solving special problems with algorithms, leading to difficulties for the software developers and testers, in applying machine learning to software testing automation. This paper, proposes a new machine learning framework for software testing automation through related studies. To maximize the performance of software testing, we analyzed and categorized the machine learning algorithms applicable to each software test phase, including the diverse data that can be used in the algorithms. We believe that our framework allows software developers or testers to choose a machine learning algorithm suitable for their purpose.