• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.924-931
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• 2005

In this study, we intended to compare and examine several settlement management methods by analyzing measurement results of a site of the industrial complex at ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ province. We predicted and analyzed the amount of final settlement by using generally used final settlement methods as like Hyperbola method, Hoshino methods and Asaoka method. And then, We compared the predicted results with that of measurement. On the basis of comparison of the three methods, Hyperbola method was the most convenient and accurate method of the three methods and if a sufficient time was given enough after embankment construction, the use of Hoshino method was possible. In the case of the Asaoka methods, it was possible to know that it had an approaching tendency to the measured one with increasing time interval spent on analysis. Therefore, in order to predict settlement behavior more accurately it is needed to understand their advantages and shortcomings sufficiently and pay attention to application to the real site.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.186-193
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• 2016

Recently in Korea, a marine ranching project has continued to grow with the increasing needs of sea development. Management techniques, including settlement reduction and scour protection, have been required for constructing and maintaining the artificial reefs of this marine ranching project. The generation of settlement and scour can be influenced by ground characteristics. In this study, various laboratory tests (penetration test, two-dimensional water tank test) were performed to determine the settlement and scour characteristics of artificial reefs under various ground conditions. Three kinds of ground reinforcement were prepared: unreinforced, geogrid, and hybrid bamboo mat. Penetration test results showed that the normalized settlement ratio of ground reinforced with a hybrid bamboo mat was smaller than those of unreinforced ground and geogrid-reinforced ground. Two-dimensional water tank test results showed that the scour characteristics of ground reinforced with a geogrid were more reduced and stable than unreinforced ground. The amount of scour and ground settlement also decreased with increasing reinforced area.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.325-336
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• 2022

This paper analyzes the ground surface settlements induced by side-by-side twin shield tunnels bored in sedimentary soils, which primarily consist of sand with clay strata above the tunnel crown. The measurements were obtained during the construction of twin tunnels underneath the Incheon International Airport (IIA) located in Korea. The measured surface settlement troughs are approximated with Gaussian functions. The trough width parameters i and K of the settlement troughs produced by the first and second tunnel passings are determined, along with those for the total settlement trough. The surface settlement troughs produced by the first shield passing are reasonably represented by a symmetric Gaussian curve. The surface settlement troughs induced by the second shield tunnel display marginal asymmetric shapes at selected sections. The total settlement troughs are fitted both with a shifted symmetric Gaussian function and the superposition method utilizing an asymmetric function for the incremental trough produced by the second tunnel. It is revealed that the superposition method does not always produce better fits with the total settlement. Instead, the shifted symmetric Gaussian function is overall demonstrated to provide more favorable agreements with the recordings. Therefore, the shifted symmetric Gaussian function is recommended to be used in the design for the prediction of the settlement in clays caused by twin tunneling considering the simplicity of the procedure compared with the superposition method. The amount of increase in the width parameter K for the twin tunnel relative to that for the single tunnel is quantified, which can be used for a preliminary estimate of the surface settlement in clay induced by twin shield tunnels.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.57-95
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• 2020

As a case study of an ex-post evaluation of regulations, in this paper I evaluate the 'uniform settlement rate requirement', a regulation that was introduced in 1986 and that was applied to the international telephone market in the U.S. for more than 20 years. In a bilateral market between the U.S. and a foreign country, each U.S. firm and its foreign partner jointly provide international telephone service in both directions, compensating each other for terminating incoming calls to their respective countries. The per-minute compensation amount for providing the termination service, referred to as the settlement rate, is determined by a bargaining process involving the two firms. In principle, each U.S. firm could have a different settlement rate for the same foreign country. In 1986, however, the Federal Communications Commission introduced the Uniform Settlement Rate Requirement (USRR), which required all U.S. firms to pay the same settlement rate to a given foreign country. The USRR significantly affected the relative bargaining positions of the U.S. and foreign firms, thereby changing negotiated settlement rates. This paper identifies two main routes through which the settlement rates are changed by the implementation of the USRR: the Competition-Induced-Incentive Effect and the Most-Favored-Nation Effect. I then empirically evaluate the USRR by estimating a bargaining model and conducting counterfactual experiments aimed at measuring the size of the two effects of the USRR. The experiments show remarkably large impacts due to the USRR. Requiring a uniform settlement rate, for instance, results in an average 32.2 percent increase in the negotiated settlement rates and an overall 13.7 percent ($3.43 billion) decrease in the total surplus in the U.S. These results provide very strong evidence against the implementation of the USRR in the 1990s and early 2000s.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.283-292
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• 2017

Background Settlements between doctors and patients provide a solution to complicated disputes. However, some disputes may be renewed as a result of negligence by both parties. The purpose of this study was to review the legal issues that may potentially arise during the preparation of settlement agreements and to propose a list of requirements for ensuring the effectiveness of these settlement agreements. Methods Data from 287 civil cases concerning aesthetic surgery that took place between 2000 and 2015 were collected from a court database in South Korea. Factors that influenced the effectiveness of settlement agreements were analyzed. Results Among the 287 court precedents, there were 68 cases of covenant not to sue. Eighteen cases were dismissed because the settlement agreements were recognized as effective, and 50 cases were sent forward for judgment on their merits because the agreements were not recognized as effective. The types of surgery and types of complications were classified by frequency. We evaluated the geographical distribution of the precedents, the settlement timing, and the effectiveness and economic impact of the settlements. We found that there was no statistically significant relationship among these factors. Four major factors that made a settlement agreement legally effective were identified, and the data showed that fee-free reoperations were not considered by the court in determining the compensation amount. Conclusions When preparing a settlement agreement, it is advisable to review the contents of the agreement rather than to take the preparation of a settlement agreement per se to be legally meaningful.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.486-490
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 일반(천연)모래를 대체하여 폐콘크리트 재생잔골재(이하 재생모래)를 하수관거 모래기초용 재료로 활용하였을 경우 재생모래의 지반적 거동(침하)에 대한 다양한 적용성 평가를 실시하였다. 이를 위해 상대적 재료 특성 차이에 따른 침하량 전산모사(FLAC 사용)를 실시하였으며 실내 재하 실험을 통한 즉시침하 평가, 우수에 의해 예상되는 재료특성 변화를 살펴본 후 실규모급 현장 적용성 평가를 실시하였다. 그 결과 FLAC으로 예측된 재생모래기초의 침하량은 $5.0{\times}10^{-6}\;m$ 미만이었으며, 실내 침하실험에서는 침하가 발생되지 않았다. 또한 용출에 인한 재료특성(흡수율 등) 변화 역시 미미하였다. 마지막으로 실규모급 현장 시공의 침하 모니터링 결과, 원지반의 압밀침하로 예상되는 5 mm의 침하만이 발생하였다. 이를 통해서 재생모래의 하수관 모래기초 적용성은 충분한 타당성을 가지는 것으로 판단된다.

• 지질공학
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2002

최근 고도의 경제성장으로 인한 도시화와 바른 산업발달은 지하공간의 확장 뿐만 아니라 이용 및 최적화를 필요로 한다. 지하시설물이나 근접구조물의 피해 및 침하와 같은 많은 문제점을 일으키는 흙막이구조물을 위한 버팀굴착의 지역에서 넓고 깊은 기초가 건설되고 있다. 본 연구는 5개의 굴착 공사현장으로부터 얻어진 측정결과에 근거한 침하량과 침하의 영향거리에 관하여 고 하였다. 굴착깊이를 이용한 최대지표침하량(0.28∼0.3)(%)H는 계측값 및 Clough방법에 의한 값과 유사성을 갖으며 Clough 방법에 의한 침하량 및 침하영향거리의 산정이 가장 합리적임을 알 수 있다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2004년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.574-579
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• 2004

In this study, finite difference method used in order to analyze influence on settlement of shallow foundation as a result of vegetation and environmental changes, On boundary conditions to analyze, divided the foundation to clayey silt, changed the amount of evaportanspiration to consider the influence of vegetation, and assumed that the duration of enviromental changes are 180 days to consider the influence of environmental changes. It is expected that this study will do to predicting settlement of shallow foundation as well as to preventing damage of shallow foundation.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.217-226
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• 1993

이 연구는 지진시 지하공동의 붕괴로 인한 지표면 함몰에 관련된다. 지하공동의 붕괴로 인한 침하량은 공동의 깊이, 모래의 단위중량, 기초의 크기와 형태, 지진강도 그리고 공동의 크기에 따라 달라진다. 본 연구에서는 함몰의 정도의 추정, 함몰에 영향을 미치는 요소의 해석, 그리고 절대침하와 부등침하 그리고 회전성침하로 인한 구조물 손상에 대한 확률을 계산하는 프로그램을 개발하였다. 본 연구의 얻어진 결과에서 공동의 깊이가 일정하고 폭이 증가함에 따라 파괴면의 각과 공동의 유효계수는 모래의 단위중량보다 침하계수에 영향을 적게 미쳤다. 그리고 같은 조건에서 절대침하와 부등침하에 대한 구조물의 손상확률은 증가하였고 회전성침하에 대한 손상확률은 감소하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.509-520
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• 2020

현행 내진설계 일반(KDS 17 10 00)에 따르면 내진설계 시 사용하는 입력지진파에 대한 기준이 명확히 제시되어 있고 실지진파에 대해서는 표준설계응답스펙트럼에 맞추어 보정하도록하고 있으나, 실지진파 선택에 따른 영향이 사전에 평가되지 않아 지진파 선택 시 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내외에서 발생한 실지진파에 대하여 국내 설계기준이 제시하는 표준설계응답스펙트럼에 부합하도록 보정한 후, 수치해석을 통하여 필댐의 침하량 변화를 평가하였다. 그 결과 댐 하단에 작용하는 자유장 가속도의 영향보다 댐 마루에서의 최대가속도, 댐제체를 통한 증폭 특성등 제체 상부의 거동이 침하량에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 동일한 표준설계응답스펙트럼으로 보정한 입력지진파일지라도 초기 실지진파와 댐 제체에서의 증폭 특성에 따라 침하량이 달리 평가될 수 있음을 확인하였다.