• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.366-368
• /
• 2013

BACKGROUND: Composting is the most frequently used waste management process for animal manure in Korea's livestock industry. In the composting process, a large amount of nitrogen (N) is volatilized to the atmosphere as amonia ($NH_3$). However, quantitative information of $NH_3$ emission from composting of liquid manure is required to obtain emission factors for management of livestock manure in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: To evaluate the $NH_3$ emission from composting of liquid manure affected by aeration, we conducted composting of liquid pig manure with three forced aeration systems. The aeration conditions were continuous (A60), cycle of 30 min aeration and 30 min pause (A30S30) and without aeration(A0). All treatments were aerated 12 hour per day with these aeration systems. The total ratio of $NH_3$ volatilization loss to total N content in liquid manure throughout composting period was estimated to 19.9% for A0 treatment, 25.9% for A30S30 treatment and 36.3% for A60 treatment. The A30S30 and A60 aeration systems increased $NH_3$ volatilization by 30.2 and 82.3% compared with systems without forced aeration. CONCLUSION(S): Ammonia emission during liquid pig manure composting was highly affected by forced aeration. The development of liquid pig manure composting systems with forced aeration would be considered both reducing ammonia emission and efficiency of composting.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.235-239
• /
• 2013

In the present investigation, the efficiency of Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) was evaluated for the removal of ammonia-nitrogen from wastewater. Eight different wastewater samples were prepared with varied amounts of $NH_4-N$ concentrations from 15.22 to 205.29 mg/L. Experiments were conducted at pH $7.5{\pm}0.3$, temperature $25^{\circ}C{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, light intensity $100{\mu}E/m^2/s$, and dark-light cycles of 8-16 hr continuously for 8 days. From the results, it was found that $NH_4-N$ was completely removed by C. vulgaris, when the initial concentration was between 5.22-25.24 mg/L. However, only 50% removal was obtained when the $NH_4-N$ concentration was 85.52 mg/L, which further decreased to less than 32% when the $NH_4-N$ concentration exceeded 105.43 mg/L. The further influence of nitrogen on chlorophyll was studied by various $NH_4-N$ concentrations. The maximal value of chlorophyll a (Chl a) content was found to be 19.21 mg/L for 65.79 mg/L $NH_4-N$ concentration, and the maximum specific $NH_4-N$ removal rate of 1.79 mg/mg Chl a/day was recorded at an $NH_4-N$ concentration of 85.52 mg/L. These findings demonstrate that C. vulgaris could potentially be employed for the removal of $NH_4-N$ from wastewater.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제36권6호
• /
• pp.1047-1058
• /
• 2003

겨울철에 금강하류에서는 암모니아성 질소(NH3-N) 농도가 주기적으로 높게 검출되어, 부여지점에서 취수하는 정수장의 수처리 공정에 큰 장애가 되고 있다. 질소농도 저하와 소독부산물 생성 억제를 위해 종종 대청댐의 추가 방류가 검토되고 있으나, 방류량과 직소농도 관계의 정량적 분석에 어려움이 있었다. 본 연구에서는 8년간의 일별 수질자료와 댐 방류량 자료를 이용하여 겨울철(12월∼3월) 동안 일별 NH3-N 농도를 예측할 수 있는 다중회귀모형을 개발하고, 최근 2년간의 자료를 이용하여 모형을 검증하였다. 모형 개발과정에서 모의값은 실측값과의 결정계수와 모형효율이 모두 0.95 이상으로 높게 나타났다. 검증과정에서는 각각 0.84∼0.94와 0.77∼0.93으로써 신뢰도가 약간 떨어졌지만, 방류량과 하류의 NH3-N 농도 관계를 분석하는데 충분히 활용가능 한 것으로 평가되었다. 모형은 갈수기 동안 댐 방류량이 NH3-N 농도 저감에 미친 효과를 분석하는데 사용되었다. 1∼3월 동안 방류량을 5 에서 50cms까지 증가시켜 파며 모의한 결과, NH3-N 농도는 평균 0.332∼0.583 mg/L 감소하였으며 2월에 가장 큰 저감효과가 나타났다. 개발된 다중회귀 수질모의기법은 충분한 실측자료가 확보된 경우에 수치모형이 요구하는 광범위한 경계조건 자료 없이도 댐 방류량과 하천수질의 인과관계를 분석하는데 유용하게 활용가능 할 것으로 기대된다

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.592-594
• /
• 1999

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
• /
• 제13권5호
• /
• pp.451-457
• /
• 2000

Experimental investigations on the effect of two kinds of additives ; aqueous NaOH solution and ammonia(NH$_3$) for removal of NOx and SO$_2$ simultaneously by corona discharge were carried out. The simulated combustion flue gas was[NO(0.02[%])-SO$_2$(0.08[%])-$CO_2$-Air-$N_2$] Volume percentage of aqueous NaOH solution used was 20[%] and $N_2$flow rate was 2.5[$\ell$/min] for bubbling aqueous NaOH solution Ammonia gas(14.81[%]) balanced by argon was diluted by air. NH$_3$ molecular ratios(MR) based on [NH$_3$] and [NO+SO$_2$] were 1, 1.5 and 2.5 The vapour of aqueous NaOH solution and NH$_3$was introduced to the main simulated combustion flue gas duct through injection systems which were located at downstream of corona discharge reactor. NOx(NO+NO$_2$) removal rate by injecting the vapour of aqueous NaOH solution was much better than that by injecting NH$_3$however SO$_2$removal rate by injecting NH$_3$was much better than that by injecting the vapour of aqueous NaOH SO$_2$removal rate slightly increased with increasing applied voltage. When the vapour of aqueous NaOH solution and NH$_3$were simultaneously injection NOx and SO$_2$ removal rate were significantly increased.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.238-243
• /
• 1998

양어장 순환수 속의 암모니아성 질소의 제거를 위한 Ba-alginate 와 Ca-alginate 반응기는 0.6시간의 수력학적 체류시간에서 51.0, 52.6 g $NH_3-N/m^3/day$의 거의 유사한 암모니아성 집소의 제거속도릎 나타내었다. Ca-alginate를 이용한 합성양어장수 속의 암모니아성 짖소의 제거 실험에서 본 반응기의 암모니아성 짐소의 제거속도는 수력학적 체류시간이 0.3시간인 지점에서 82.0 g $NH_3-N/m^3/day$로 서 최고의 재거속도릎 나타냈으며 이때 암모니아 제거율은 48% 이었다. 수중의 암모니아의 농도가 2mg/L 정도의 범위에서는 반응기 내에 주입되는 공가량을 0.1 vvm 으로 공급하더라도 용존산소 농도를 7.0 - 5.6 g/m3로 유지 할 수 있었으므로 질화에 필요한 용존산소량을 충분히 유지할 수가 있는 것으로 나타났으며 pH 는 7.2 - 7.9의 범위플 유지할 수가 있어서 pH 변화에 따른 위 해 요소는 없는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제30권5호
• /
• pp.503-511
• /
• 2014

The temporal and spatial analyses of total nitrogen (TN) fractionation were conducted in order to understand 1) total nitrogen components in streams and 2) their patterns in rainy and dry seasons. The result showed that the concentration of nitrogen components in stream water was lower in non-urban area and getting higher in urban area. Dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) was 95~97.7% of total nitrogen in streams, and the proportion of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) was higher with increasing urban area. The concentration of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3-N$) were highest in winter among four seasons. The result was showed that concentration of $NH_3-N$ was same variation as concentrations of TN and $NO_3-N$ in urban-rural complex and urban areas, except rural areas. During rainy season, concentrations of particulate organic nitrogen (PON) and $NH_3-N$ increased in rural areas and decreased in both urban-rural complex and urban areas. Correlation between total nitrogen components and land uses was positively correlated with site > paddy, and negatively correlated with forest. The variation of total nitrogen concentration was determined by $NO_3-N$ in non-urban areas, by $NO_3-N$ and $NH_3-N$ in urban-rural complex and by $NH_3-N$ in the urban areas.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.9-19
• /
• 2003

Exhaust emissions were characterized for a fleet of 10 alternative-fuel vehicles (AFVx) including 5 compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles. 3 liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles and 2 85% methanol/15% California Phase 2 gasoline (M85) vehicles. In addition to the standard regulated emissions and detailed speciation of organic gas compounds, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to measure ammonia (NH$_3$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2$O) emissions. NH$_3$, emissions averaged 0.124 g/mi for the vehicle fleet with a range from <0.004 to 0.540 g/mi. $N_2$O emissions averaged 0.022 g/mi over the vehicle fleet with range from <0.002 to 0.077 g/mi. Modal emissions showed that both NH$_3$, and $N_2$O emissions began during catalyst light-off and continued as the catalyst reached its operating temperature. $N_2$O emissions primarily were formed during the initial stages of catalyst light-off. Detailed speciation measurements showed that the principal component of the fuel was also the primary organic gas species found in the exhaust. In particular, methane, propane and methanol composed on average 93%, 79%, and 75% of the organic gas emissions, respectively, for the CNG, LPG. and M85 vehicles.

• 아시안잔디학회지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.23-28
• /
• 1992

Urea, the major N source of world agriculture involves a serious urea-N loss through NH$_3$volatilization. Approaches to decrease N loss include using urease inhibitors in view of the environmental protection and the increase of urea-N efficiency. The purpose of laboratory researches was toassess the potential value of urease inhibitors to increase urea-N efficiency in soil and Kentucky blue-grass(Poa Pratensis L.) turf. The activity of urease inhibitors Phenyiphosphorodiamjdate(ppD) and N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamjde(NBPT) measured to break-down ammonia volatilization. The soil and turf used in this project were from the fairway in one of the Korean gof course. The researches were carried out for two weeks to measure the urease activities on urea hydrolysis under four temperatures (10~ 40$^{\circ}C$) and for one week on turfgrass using forced-draft system. Results indicated that Urea-N involves considerable loss through gaseous NH$_3$ by urease activities in plant-soil systems. Urease inhibitors PPD and NBPT have potential value for increasing N use efficiency by reduing NH$_3$ volatilization. NBPT deserves futher evaluation as fertilizer amendment than PPD use of urea in turf industries.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제38권6호
• /
• pp.328-333
• /
• 2005

영남지역 식질논에서 벼를 건답직파하여 재배하면서 완효성질소비료인 LCU를 표준시비량의 80%와 100% 수준으로 시용시 관행 요소 대비 암모니아 휘산의 경감효과를 검토하였다. 토양 $NH_4-N$ 농도는 파종 후 45일경에 가장 높았는데 LCU 처리구에서는 $92-100mg\;kg^{-1}$, 요소 시용구에서는 $73mg\;kg^{-1}$였으며, 전 생육기간동안 요소 시용에 비해 LCU 처리구가 높았다. 토양 $NO_3-N$의 농도는 모든 처리에서 파종 후 10일경에 가장 높았는데 LCU 처리구는 $30-33mg\;kg^{-1}$, 요소 시 용구는 $27mg\;kg^{-1}$였고, 건답기간동안 높게 유지되다가 담수 후 낮아져 파종 후 80일경 이후에는 모든 처리에서 $1-2mg\;kg^{-1}$로 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 표면수의 $NH_4-N$ 농도는 요소시용구에서는 추비 후 $NH_4-N$ 농도가 $8-10mg\;L^{-1}$로 일시적으로 상승하였으나, LCU 처리구에서는 생육기간동안 $1mg\;L^{-1}$이하였다. 표면수의 pH는 담수 후 생육기간동안 요소 및 LCU 처리에서 7.5-8.3 였으나 요수구의 pH가 다소 높게 유지되었다. 요소 시용구에서의 암모니아 휘산량은 추비 시용 후 급격히 증가하였고, 시비질소에 대한 총 휘산량은 $8.7-11.8kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 이었다. 한편 LCU 시용에 따른 암모니아 휘산량은 LCU의 시비량에 관계없이 $2.4-3.0kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$였으며, 연차간의 변이도 요소에 비해 매우 적었다. 따라서 벼 건답직파재배에서 LCU 시용시 암모니아 휘산량은 요소 시용에 비해 72-76% 경감되었다.