• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the diversity of ectomycorrhizal mushroom by surveying sites from June 2004 to October 2005. The obtained results from investigation were as follows. The total of 5 classes 16 orders 63 families 149 genera and 358 species including saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal fungi was investigated. A total of 17 families 36 genera 152 species (1,285ea.) of ectomycorrhizal mushroom was investigated. The mushrooms are classified into 9 families 27 genera and 136 species in Agaricales, 5 families 6 genera and 12 species in Aphyllophorales and 3 families 3 genera and 4 species in Gasteromycetes. Dorminant species were Russulaceae (35 species) followed by Boletaceae (34 species), Amanitaceae(22 species) and Cortinariaceae (21 species). The mushroom occurrence of octomycorrhizal fungi was closely related to climatic conditions such as high air temperature and lots of rainfall from July to September. The environment factors which have a favorable influence of mushroom occurrence were soil pH, available $P_{2}O_{5}$ of soil and rainfall and air temperature of climatic environment.

• Mycobiology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2014

From April 2009 to October 2011, we surveyed the higher fungi in the Byeonsanbando National Park, Korea. In total, we identified 2 kingdoms, 3 divisions, 7 classes, 22 orders, 63 families, 149 genera, and 313 species (including 6 undocumented taxa: 2 families, 2 genera, and 2 species). Seventeen 17 orders, 49 families, 128 genera, and 286 species belonged to Basidiomycota; 7 orders, 9 families, 15 genera, and 21 species were of Ascomycota; and 4 orders, 5 families, 6 genera, and 6 species of primordial fungi. Among the Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes were represented by 47 families, 126 genera, and 282 species. The most common fungi were Boletaceae (33 species), followed by Russulaceae (30), Agaricaceae (27), and Amanitaceae (24). Various species of most of the higher fungi occurred during periods with average temperatures of $23{\sim}24.9^{\circ}C$, maximum temperatures of $28{\sim}31.9^{\circ}C$, minimum temperatures of $22{\sim}22.9^{\circ}C$, > 82% relative humidity, and > 200 mm precipitation.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.251-264
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi by surveying sites from June 2010 to October 2011. The obtained results from investigation were as follows. The total of 2 Kingdom 3 Phylum 6 classes 15 orders 34 families 59 genera and 107 species including saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal fungi was investigated. A total of 10 families 17 genera 49 species (801 ea.) of ectomycorrhizal mushroom was investigated. The mushrooms are classified into 28 families 51 genera and 99 species in Basidiomycota, 5 families 7 genera and 7 species in Ascomycota and 1 families 1 genera and 1 species in Amoebozoa. Dorminant species were Amanitaceae (14 species) followed by Russulaceae (12 species) and Boletaceae (11 species). The populaion ectomycorrhizal mushroom was highest in sites 1 and 2, and sites 4 and 5 occurrence rarely. The mushroom occurrence of ectomycorrhizal fungi was closely related to climatic conditions such as high air temperature and lots of rainfall from July to August. The environment factors which have a favorable influence of mushroom occurrence were soil pH, organic matter content of soil and air temperature of climatic environment.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.268-271
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• 2019

Mushroom survey and collection were conducted in the Phousabous National Protected Area (PNPA), which is located at the Northeastern area 230km from the capital city of Lao-PDR, Vientiane, from April 2017 to September 2018. During this periods, mushroom specimens were collected from 8 different locations, and then they were identified and classified into 284 species, 142 genera, 56 families, 20 orders and 7 classes by morphological and molecular analyses. The mushrooms belongs to Ascomycota were classified into 10 species, 5 genera, 5 families, 4 orders and 3 classes, while those belongs to Basidiomycota were classified into 274 species, 137 genera, 51 families, 16 orders, and 4 classes, respectively. Among these mushrooms, the most species-rich families are Boletaceae (16.06%), Polyporaceae (10.12%), Russulaceae (9.94%), Amanitaceae (7.68%), Agaricaceae (4.54%), Marasmiaceae (4.36%), Cortinariaceae (3.66%), Entolomataceae (3.66%), Mycenaceae (2.79%), Xylariaceae (2.44%), Physalacriaceae (2.09%), Omphalotaceae (2.09%), Hydnangitaceae (2.09%), Lyophyllaceae (1.92%), Tricholomataceae (1.75%) and comprised 75.19% of the total specimens identified.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.457-460
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• 2018

Mushroom survey was conducted in the Phou Khao Khuoay National Protected Area (PKKNPA) located at east direction 65km from Vientiane, the capital city of Lao-PDR from September 2015 to November 2016. During this periods, mushroom specimens were collected from 10 different survey sites, and then were identified and classified into 149 species, 113 genera, and 55 families by morphological and molecular analyses. The mushrooms belongs to Ascomycota were classified into 13 species, 7 genera, 5 families, and 5 orders, while those belongs to Basidiomycota were classified into 136 species, 113 genera, 55 families, and 18 orders, respectively. Among these mushrooms, the most species-rich families were Polyporaceae (18.1%), Marasmiaceae (11.0%), Ganodermataceae (8.6%), Xylariaceae (5.8%), Russulaceae (5.4%), Agaricaceae (4.7%), Boletaceae (4.7%), Hymenochaetaceae (3.9%), and Amanitaceae (3.6%), and comprised 65.8% of the total specimens identified.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.122-130
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• 2015

We collected and identified 5,721 ectomycorrhizal fruiting bodies (EcM) from Naejangsan National Park from June 2004 to 2013, belonging to 1 phylum, 1 class, 6 orders, 19 families, 40 genera, and 196 species. Of these, 2,249 individuals were identified as 89 species belonging to 11 genera in 7 families in the Agaricales; 1,511 were identified as 43 species belonging to 2 genera in 1 family in the Russulales; 1,132 were identified as 50 species belonging to 21 genera in 6 families in the Boletales; 793 were identified as 8 species belonging to 3 genera in 2 families in the Cantharellales; 29 were identified as 3 species belonging to 2 genera in 2 families in the Thelephorales; and 7 were identified as 3 species belonging to 1 genus in 1 family in the Gomphales. Thus, most of the EcMs identified belonged to the following 3 orders: Agaricales, Russulales, and Boletales. Russulaceae were most common (43 species), followed by Boletaceae (39 species), and Amanitaceae (27 species); most individuals were Russulaceae (1,511), followed by Hydnagiaceae (1,071) and Boletaceae (804). The monthly distribution showed that the greatest number of individuals and species of EcM, including the dominant ones, occur around July~September at an elevation of 200~299 m, diminishing markedly above 600 m. The greatest number of individuals and species, including the dominant ones, were collected in the period with average temperatures $25.0{\sim}26.9^{\circ}C$, lows of $21.0{\sim}22.9^{\circ}C$, and highs of $30.0{\sim}31.9^{\circ}C$, relative humidity > 76%, and rainfall > 400 mm.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.334-337
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• 2018

Amanita virgineoides Bas is an ectomycorrhizal mushroom belonging to the family Amanitaceae in the order Agaricales. This fungus usually grows solely on damp soil in coniferous or deciduous forests from summer to autumn. Although Korean people consume A. virgineoides, some studies indicate that it can be poisonous. During our biodiversity survey of four specific regions i.e., Yongin, Eumseong, and Chungju from 2016 to 2018, A. virgineoides specimens were collected on the sixth rotation. We analyzed the temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and vegetation surrounding the A. virgineoides fruiting bodies to reveal the environmental factors that influenced mushroom formation. It was found to usually grow in August, the hottest season in Korea. For 60 days before forming the fruiting body, temperatures were found to be between 20 and $30^{\circ}C$. More evidence is necessary to ensure that change in temperature is the major environmental factor that determines A. virgineoides fruiting.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.657-679
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• 2010

Mushroom fruiting was investigated in pine and oak dominated forest stands in Songni National Park located in central Korea for six years from 2003 to 2008, in order to understand the relationship between mushroom diversity and the environmental factors, precipitation, temperature, soil moisture and vegetation. The most frequent fruiting families were those of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, Tricholomataceae, Amanitaceae, Russulaceae, Cortinariaceae, and Boletaceae. The frequency of mushroom fruiting varied from 94 to 167 species per year, with July and August having the highest(13~90 species). Mushroom fruiting was positively correlated to precipitation(r=0.897), using Palmer Drought Severity Index for the long term period and Standard Precipitation Index for short term period. Soil moisture content also affected mushroom fruiting, with Lactarius chrysorrheus and Russula virescens fruiting only at soil moisture content higher than 20%. Positive correlation between mushroom fruiting and temperature was also noted(r=0.77), with optimum rates at $21{\sim}25^{\circ}C$. Tricholoma flayayirens, Amanita gymnopus, Lactarius piperatus, Inocybe asteropora and Xerocomus chrysenteron were able to fruit at temperatures higher than $25^{\circ}C$. However, Laccaria amethystea, Amanita virosa and Russula mariae fruited at relatively wide temperature range. The influence of vegetation on mushroom fruiting was likewise noted, with 38 species, including Suillus bovinus and Boletopsis leucomelas being specific to pine dominated stands, while 42 species, including Polyporus arcularius and Hericium erinaceum were specific to oak dominated stands. On the other hand, around 50 species, including Laccaria laccata and Lycoperdon parlatum, were able to fruit in both types of vegetation. In conclusion, mushroom fruiting greatly varies with changes in precipitation, soil moisture, temperature and vegetation.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.134-140
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• 2003

Wild Mushrooms collected in Mt. Halla of Jeiu Island around altitude of $200{\sim}1000\;m$ from 1999 to 2000 were studied to investigate utilization as the natural breeding sites by wild drosophilids. Thirty-five mushroom species belonging to the 19 genera of 12 families from 2 orders were used as natural breeding sites by drosophilids. Adult flies emerged from 14 species of mushrooms belonging to the 11 genera of 8 families from 2 orders were identified. From the rest of 21 species of mushrooms, only larvae or/and pupae were reaped. Among 35 species of mushrooms, 34 species belonged to order Agaricales and only one species, Sarcodon scabrosum, belonged to order Aphyllophorales. In terms of composition of mushroom families, total 35 species belonging to 12 families were composed of 10 species of Russulaceae, 6 species of Amanitaceae, 4 species of each Tricholomataceae and Agaricaceae, 3 species of Boletaceae, 2 species of Strophariaceae and each one species of rest 6 families. Concerning the composition of the genus, 35 species belonging to 11 genera were composed of 8 species of Russula, 6 species of Amanita, 4 species of Agaricus, 2 species of Lactarius, and each one species of rest 7 genera. In terms of the mushroomsize preference of drosophilid flies for breeding sites, most flies preferred comparatively large mushrooms above 5 cm of pileus size in diameter, Fourteen species of drosophilids were identified as mushroom-breeding species. Among these, one and five species belonged to genera Mycodrosophila and Hirtodrosophila respectively, The genus Drosophila included the most abundant 8 species. Drosophila bizonata and Hirtodrosophila sexvittata bred on 6 species of mushrooms respectively, D. unispina bred on 3 species of mushrooms, rest species of Drosophila bred on one or two species of mushrooms. From the result of this study and other literatures, it could be presumed that much more mushroom species could serve as the natural breeding sites for greater number of drosophilid species than those examined in this study on Jeju Island.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2014

The result of the survey on higher fungi in the Wolchulsan National Park from April 2009 to October 2011 is as follows. During the survey, total of 1 kingdoms 2 divisions 5 classes 18 orders 56 families 133 genera and 298 species were surveyed, Basidiomycota has 12 orders 47 families 120 genera 278 species, Ascomycota 6 orders 9 families 13 genera 20 species. As for Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes has 46 families 118 genera 276 species. The most occurred fungi were Russulaceae with 37 species, followed by Boletaceae, Amanitaceae, Agaricaceae and Polyporaceae. Various species of most higher fungi occurred during the period with average temperature of 26.0~27.9, max. 32.0~34.9, min. 24.0~25.9, and over 100 mm of precipitation.