• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.494-497
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• 2002

In this paper, we have presented the simulation results about threshold voltage of nano scale lightly doped drain (LDD) MOSFET with halo doping profile. Device size is scaled down from 100nm to 40nm using generalized scaling. We have investigated the threshold voltage for constant field scaling and constant voltage scaling using the Van Dort Quantum Correction Model(QM) and direct tunneling current for each gate oxide thickness. We know that threshold voltage is decreasing in the constant field scaling and increasing in the constant voltage scaling when gate length is reducing, and direct tunneling current is increasing when gate oxide thickness is reducing. To minimize the roll-off characteristics for threshold voltage of MOSFET with decreasing channel length, we know u value must be nearly 1 in the generalized scaling.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1170-1176
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• 2005

The structures and conformations of ortho-, meta-, and para-methyl red (MR) upon proton gain and loss were studied by density functional calculations, and compared to methyl yellow for the effects of a carboxyl substitution. Internal hydrogen bonding causes the geometry of neutral o-MR planar, otherwise twist. Monoprotonated species of MR are planar where the proton is attached to $\beta$-azo nitrogen. This loses its azo character a bit, and shows strong delocalization characterized as a quinonoid canonical structure. Di-protonated species of MR is proved to hold two protons at the amino and $\alpha$-azo nitrogen atoms, and planar. It regains somewhat of its azo character, but still shows fairly delocalized property in terms of carbocationic canonical structures. The carboxyl substitution on 4-dimethylamino-trans-azobenzene structure has some delocalization effects on the geometry or conformation of MR derivatives whether neutral, mono-, di- or de-protonated.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore factors affecting uncertainty and general well-being based on Uncertainty in Illness Theory. Methods: Data were collected from 125 outpatients who had received hemodialysis. The path model among four concepts, such as period of hemodialysis, social support, uncertainty, and general well-being, was tested. Tangible support, positive social interaction, affectionate, and emotional/informational support were measured as social support. Adaptation in the model was operationalized as general well-being which consisted of anxiety, depression, positive well-being, self-control, and general health. Results: All paths were statistically significant at the level of ${\alpha}$=.05. The significant paths were the path from period of hemodialysis to uncertainty (t=-2.86), social support to uncertainty (t=-2.01), uncertainty to general wellbeing (t=-2.85), and social support to general well-being (t=3.55). Conclusion: Patients who perceived low uncertainty and high social support were likely to feel well-being. Therefore, nurses should give patients appropriate information according to their needs and have meaningful interaction with patients to reduce their uncertainty and render social support.

• Proceeding of EDISON Challenge
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• 2016.03a
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• pp.62-66
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• 2016

Tumor suppressor protein p53 loses its function upon binding with the HDM2 protein, and inhibiting the p53-HDM2 interaction is critical to suppress tumor cell growth. Recently, the cyclized helix-loop-helix peptide (cHLH) mimicking the ${\alpha}-helix$ part of the p53 protein has been designed and found to exhibit high binding affinity with HDM2. Here, we report the structural and thermodynamic characteristics of the bound complex of the cHLH peptide with the HDM2 protein. We performed molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structural features of the cHLH peptide as well as its complex with the HDM2. The binding free energy calculation based on the integral equation theory was also executed to quantify the binding affinity for the cHLH/HDM2 complex and to understand the factors contributing to the binding affinity. We found a variety of factors for the helix stability of the cHLH peptide as well as in the complexation with the HDM2, which may provide an insight into the development of anti-cancer drug designs.

• Proceeding of EDISON Challenge
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• 2016.03a
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• pp.163-166
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• 2016

Hydrophobicity is the key concept to understand the water plays in protein folding, protein aggregation, and protein-protein interaction. Traditionally, the hydrophobicity of protein is defined based on the scales of the hydrophobicity of residue, assuming that the hydrophobicity of free amino acids is maintained. Here, we explore how the hydrophobicity of constituting amino acids in protein rely on the protein context, in particular, on the total charge and secondary structures of a protein. To this end, we calculate and investigate the hydration free energy of three short proteins based on the integral-equation theory of liquids. We find that the hydration free energy of charged amino acids is significantly affected by the protein total charge and exhibits contrasting behavior depending on the protein total charge being positive or negative. We also observe that amino acids in the ${\beta}-sheets$ display more enhanced the hydrophobicity than amino acids in the loop, whereas those in the ${\alpha}-helix$ do not clearly show such a tendency. And the salt-bridge forming amino acids also exhibit increase of the hydrophobicity than that with no salt bridge. Our results provide novel insights into the hydrophobicity of amino acids, and will be valuable for rationalizing and predicting the strength of water-mediated interaction involved in the biological activity of proteins.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.158-167
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• 1989

This study was conducted to investigate the applicability of true model theory in a powered lugged wheel-soil system and to examine the possibility of using principles of similitude in investigating the dimensions of soil parameters pertinent to a powered lugged wheel-soil system concerning the sinkage prediction. The following conclusions were derived from the study; 1) The sinkage of prototype wheels proved to be predicted by those of the model wheels for the range of the dynamic weight tested. 2) A conditional equation which can be used for the prediction of sinkage of prototype by model test was derived as $n_f=n{_\ell}{^{-b}}$. The range of the numerical value of b, which is the exponent on the length dimension of the soil property ${\alpha}$, was found to be -1.48~-2.54. 3) Considering a relatively wide variation of b values, it was concluded that there are several soil properties which are pertinent to the powered lugged-wheel soil system concerning the sinkage prediction.

• Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.40-49
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• 2015

Nigeria's non-government organization (NGO) libraries for the visually impaired has over the years been at the forefront of information services provision to persons with visual impairment. This study adopted a survey research design to investigate use of alternative formats and perceptions of information services to the visually impaired, focusing on two purposively chosen NGO libraries for the visually impaired in Nigeria. Using a complete enumeration approach, data were gathered from 180 users of the libraries through the use of a structured questionnaire with a reliability score (${\alpha}=0.74$). Data from 112 (62.2%) of the 180 administered copies of a questionnaire that were retrieved were analysed. The study found that Braille materials had a high level of utilization ($\bar{x}=4.46$) and were the most frequently utilized (90.9%). Perception of information services by the visually impaired was positive while use of alternative formats was significantly and positively related to users' perception of information services (r = .041; p < 0.05). The study recommends improved transcription and investment in alternative formats and in e-resources. It also recommends collaborations to widen access as well as constant evaluation of services.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.613-630
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a scale measuring the Patient-Centered Nursing Culture (PCNC) and provide a basic tool to improve PCNC in Korea. Methods: A conceptual framework and construct factors were extracted through extensive literature review and in-depth interviews with nursing professionals. In total, 59 items were derived based on the pilot survey. Data were collected from 357 nurses working at general hospitals and analyzed for verifying the reliability and validity of the scale. Results: Nine factors containing 54 items were extracted from the exploratory factor analysis to verify the construct validity. The nine factors were top management leadership, policy and procedure, education and training, middle management leadership, supportive teamwork, nursing workplace environment, professional competence, patient-centered nursing activity, and nurses' values. These items were verified by convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity testing. The internal consistency reliability was acceptable (Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.96$). Conclusion: The developed PCNC scale is expected to be used as the tool for the development of theory and improvement of PCNC, the empirical testing for cause and effect of PCNC, the development of interventions, education and training programs for improving PCNC, and indicators for evaluation or accreditation of hospital service quality.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.863-872
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• 2021

The main goal of this research is to understand how small and medium enterprises (SMEs) owners in Oman perceive the factors that drive or impede their growth and sustainability. Based on survey data of 395 SMEs in Oman, factor analysis was conducted to check if all the items load as one factor in each of the constructs. The results show that all the items measuring motivators and barriers loaded significantly for the respective scales, with high reliability (Cronbach alpha for Motivators = 0.991 and Barriers = 0.995). Relationships between the demographic factors of entrepreneurs and firm characteristics were tested and it was found that all the four variables: age of the entrepreneur (p = 0.00), qualification of the entrepreneur (p = 0.00), SME sector (p = 0.00), and age of the firm (p = 0.00) have a significant relationship with both the Motivators and the Barriers. The findings of this study could have significant implications for policymakers in Oman and other Middle Eastern countries. Since SMEs face similar problems and are given priority around the world, the findings could be applicable to other countries, as well. The findings also add important results to the empirical literature on SMEs.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Communication Behavior Scale for nurses caring for people with Dementia (CBS-D). Methods: Based on communication accommodation theory, the initial items were generated through a literature review and interviews with 20 experts. Content and face validity of the initial items were assessed. Data from 486 nurses caring for people with dementia were analyzed using item analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-related validity, and internal consistency. Results: The final scale consisted of 18 items and four factors (discourse response management, interpersonal control, emotional expression, and interpretability) that explained 57.6% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the theoretical model with 18 items satisfied all goodness-of-fit parameters. Criterion-related validity was shown by the Global Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale (r=.506, p<.001). Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was .88. Conclusion: The CBS-D can be used to measure the communication behavior of nurses caring for people with dementia.