• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.70-81
• /
• 2009

Statement of problem: The position and length of cantilever influence on the stress distribution of implants, superstructure and bone. In edentulous mandible, implant-supported cantilever prostheses that based 4 or 6 implants between mental foramens has been attempted. Excessive bite force loaded at cantilever prosthesis causes bone resorption and breakage of superstructure prosthesis around posterior implants. To complement the cantilever length of conventional prosthesis, In 1992, (McCartney) introduced "cantilever-rest-implant" and Malo reported "All-on-Four" in 2003. Purpose: Analyze and compare the stress distribution of conventional cantilever prostheses with rest implant and All-on-$Four^{TM}$ implant prostheses. Material and method: The external loads(300 N vertically, 75 N horizontally) are applied to first molar area. The stress value, stress distribution and aspect of stress dispersion are analyzed by three-dimensional finite element analysis program, ANSYS ver. 10.0. Results: 1. The rest implant and "All-on-Four" implant system are superior to conventional cantilever prostheses to reduce stress on the bone and the superstructure around implants. 2. The rest implant was of the greatest advantage to stress distribution on bone, implant and superstructure. 3. With same number of implants, distally tilted implants are preferred to conventional cantilever prostheses for reducing the length of cantilever.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.79-89
• /
• 2023

The occurrence of unexpected horizontal offset in the instrument or target will result in accumulated horizontal deviation in segment alignment with traditional short-line match method. A geometry control method, the four-point method, is developed for precast segmental bridges to avoid the influences of unexpected horizontal offset. The concept of the four-point method is elucidated. Furthermore, the detailed instruments and instructions are introduced. Finally, the four-point method is validated through a practical engineering application. According to the survey data, after short-line match precast construction, the vertical deviations on both sides vary between -5 mm and 5 mm in almost all segments, and the horizontal deviations vary between -4 mm and 4 mm in all segments. Without on-site adjustment, the maximum vertical and horizontal closure gaps are 12.3 and 26.1 mm, respectively. The four-point method is suggested to alleviate the issues associated with relatively poor soil conditions in casting yard.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.69-82
• /
• 2012

This study is basically about four-guardian-statutes-building-gate in 17th Century. In the field of art-history, there are four-guardian-statutes made of clay in order that the statutes are so gigantic and grotesque enough to threaten all the devils. This purpose of this study is to make sure that the similar variation occurred at the four-guardian-statutes-building-gate in 17th century. The results of this study are as follows. First, only Da-Po style four-guardian-statutes-building-gates were built in famous four temples separately from 1612 until the Manchu war of 1636. And there are gigantic four-guardian-statutes made of clay in the building. Second, there are Chul-mok Ik-gong style buildings were built in 1660s at Bo-Rim-Sa and Neung-Ga-Sa. The buildings including four-guardian-statutes-building-gate of Song-gwang-sa built in 1636 probably are all similar to earlier Da-Po style four-guardian-statutes-building-gates in the viewpoint of structural type and size of building. Third, it began to build Ik-gong style four-guardian-statutes-building-gates in 1676 at Su-ta-sa.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.31-43
• /
• 1986

There is the picture of four gods(四神圖) painted on the wall of old tomb of Koguryo dynasty in $4{\sim}5$ century. Four gods in this picture were Symbolized by four animals, tortoise, tiger, ryong which is imaginative large Snake, and bong hwang which is also imaginative birds. Those animals wese believed at that time as protecting geities against all of the haman disaster and evils. The peoples of Kojosun dynasty carried those animal charms, and painted or graved on some where of living environment such as furniture, utensils, tools, wall, ceiling, etc. They ate those animals as food or medicine to treatment of all disieses and to get rid of evils and to gain well-being. A lot of examples in historical records were cited and interrelated to above super stitions.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.161-172
• /
• 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study is to report the effectiveness of Sihochunggan-tang gagambang in the four patients with eczema ongroin, inner thigh.Methods: This case study was conducted for four groin, inner thigh eczema patients who have visited Korean Medicine Clinic. Sihochunggan-tang gagambang was prescribed to all four patients and evaluated the symptom change through photographs and two assessment methods. The assessment methods are Atopic Dermatitis Severity Index(ADSI) and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS). ADSI was used to evaluate the objective symptom change and VAS was used to evaluate the subjective symptom change.Results & Conclusion: The ADSI and VAS were decreased compared to the first in all four patients in our study. And most symptoms of four patients were improved. As a result of examining ADSI, VAS scores and photographs, Sihochunggan-tang gagambang can be effective on the groin, inner thigh eczema in four cases in our study.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.390-393
• /
• 2013

This case study describes the imaging features of radiography and computed tomography (CT) in four small breed dogs with lung lobe torsion. The medical records, thoracic radiographs and CT images of four dogs with confirmed lung lobe torsion were retrospectively reviewed. Pleural effusion and increased lobar opacity/density were seen on all CT and thoracic radiography in all four dogs. CT revealed narrowed/collapsed bronchus in all four dogs, while this was only appreciated on one thoracic radiography. The vesicular emphysema pattern was seen on four CT but only on three radiographic examinations. The specific findings of lung lobe torsion were vesicular emphysema and a narrowed/collapsed bronchus. These findings were more easily recognized on CT than with thoracic radiographs.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.240-248
• /
• 2015

PURPOSE. To explore whether there is matching relation between the length and the tilting angle of terminal implants in the All-on-Four protocol by studying the effects of different implant configurations on stress distributions of implant, bone, and framework. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Four implants were employed to support a full-arch fixed prosthesis and five three-dimensional finite element models were established with CT images, based on the length (S and L) and distal tilt angle ($0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$) of terminal implants for an edentulous mandible, which named: Tilt0-S, Tilt30-S, Tilt30-L, Tilt45-S and Tilt45-L. An oblique 240 N was loaded at second molar. The von Mises Stresses were analyzed. The implants were consecutively named #1 to #4 from the loading point. RESULTS. 1) Tilt0-S had the greatest stress on the implants, with the other groups exhibiting variable reductions; the four implants of Tilt45-L demonstrated the greatest reduction in stress. 2) Tilt0-S had the greatest stress at bone around #1 implant neck, and Tilt45-L exhibited the least stress, which was a 36.3% reduction compared to Tilt0-S. 3) The greatest stress in the framework was found on the cantilevers distal to #1 implant. Tilt45-S exhibited the least stress. CONCLUSION. Matching different length and tilting angle of the terminal implants led to variable stress reductions on implants, bone and the superstructure. By optimizing implant configuration, the reduction of stress on implants and surrounding bone could be maximized. Under the present condition, Tilt45-L was the preferred configuration. Further clinical testings are required.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.35-45
• /
• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate mean height, weight, food preference and satisfaction of 231 children in preschool in four different regions(Susung-ku, Jung-ku, Nam-ku, Dalseo-ku) of Taegu. Mean height of the children was increased by priority of Jung-ku, Dalseo-ku, Susung-ku and Nam-ku, and mean weight was of Jung-ku, Susung-ku, Dalseo-ku and Nam-ku. In food preference, boiled rice had the highest score of cooked rices in all of the different regions, jajangmyun had the highest score of noodles in Susung-ku, Jung-ku and Dalseo-ku. Cake had the hightest score of breads in Susung-ku and had significantly difference all the kind of other lesions. Songpyun had the highest score of rice cakes in all four regions. Jangjorim had the highest score of jorim foods in all four regions, but anchovy and green pepper jorim had the lowest. Toasted lavor and steamed chicken had the highest of toasted foods and steamed foods, respectively. Salads had the highest of muchimryu cooked potherbs and salads in all regions but kimchi and jangachi had low scores. Sujungkua had the lowest scores of beverages in all regions, but chocolate had the highest scores of cookies. In food intake satisfaction according to the regions, regularity, variety, hygiene, amount, and quantity of meal had the highest in dalseo-ku. Food temperature was highest in susung-ku. There was a direct correlation between type of housing and satisfaction in diversity of foods.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.135-150
• /
• 1974

A study on the importance of fifty selected nursing activities that classified into four categories of patient care (physical care. psychological aspects of care, observing, reporting and implementing medical care, care for admission and discharge) was carried out from september 25 to October 10, 1973 toward 300 hospitalized patients and 300 professional nurses in four university hospitals in Seoul. The results were obtained as follows The importance score in order on four categories of nursing activities were seen as follows : 1. in physical care activities patients noted; moderately important 35.0% extremely important 20.5% very important 19.3% slightly important 18.6% not at all important 6.6% nurses noted: moderately important 41.5% very important 29.4% extremely important 23.5% slightly important 6.2% not at all important 3.4% 2. in activities involving psychological aspects of care patients noted: moderately important 33.4% very important 25.2% extremely important 23.2% slightly important 14.3% not at all important 3.9% nurses noted: moderately important 42.3% very important 34.8% extremely important 16.0% slightly important 6.2% not at all important 0.7% 3. in activities involving observing, reporting, and implementing medical care patients noted ; extremely important 35.9% moderately important 28.0% very important 26.0% slightly important 8.4% not at all important 1.7% nurses noted : extremely important 38.1% very important 31.8% moderately important 26.1% slightly important 3.6% not at all important 0.4% 4. in activities preparing for admission and discharge patients noted: moderately important 35.8% extremely important 24.5% very important 23.5% extremely important 12.5% not at all important 3.7% nurses noted: moderately important 47.6% very important 33.1% extremely important 12.5% slightly important 6.0% not at all important 0.8%

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.2028-2035
• /
• 2020

Background: Weakness of the trunk muscles decreases the trunk control ability of stroke patients, which is significantly related to balance and gait. Objectives: To compare the impact of diagonal pattern self-exercise on an unstable surface and a stable surface for trunk rehabilitation on trunk control, balance, and gait ability in stroke patients. Design: Nonequivalent control group design. Methods: Twenty four participants were randomized into the experimental group (diagonal pattern self-exercise while sitting on an unstable surface, n=12) and the control group (diagonal pattern self-exercise while sitting on a stable surface, n=12). All interventions were conducted for 30 minutes, three times a week for four weeks, and the trunk impairment scale (TIS), berg balance scale (BBS), functional gait assessment (FGA), and G-walk were measured. Results: All groups indicated significant increases in all variables (TIS, BBS, FGA, cadence, speed, stride length) after four weeks. The TIS, BBS, FGA, cadence, gait speed, and stride length group-by-time were significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: We found that, in stroke patients, diagonal pattern self-exercise on an unstable surface is a more effective method for improving trunk control, balance, and gait ability than diagonal pattern self-exercise on a stable surface.