• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.150-151
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• 2003

Benzoyl peroxide is a high production volume chemical, which was produced about 1,375 tons/year in Korea as of 2001 survey. Most of them are used as initiators in polymerization, catalysts in the plastics industry, bleaching agents for flour and medication for acne vulgaris. The substance is one of the sever chemicals of which human and environmental risks are being assessed by National Institute of Environmental Research under the frame of OECD SIDS Program. It has a melting point of 104-106 $^{\circ}C$ and has solubility of 9.1 mg/1 in water at 25 $^{\circ}C$. The substance was readily biodegradable (83 % after 21days) and had toxic effects to aquatic organisms. The range of 72 hr-EbC50 (biomass) for algae was 0.07-0.44 mg/1 and 48 hr-EC50 for daphnia was 0.07-2.91 mg/1. The LC50 of acute toxicity to fish was 0.24-2.0 mg/1. Although the toxic effects of benzoyl peroxide to aquatic organisms were investigated, environmental monitoring data were not studied. In this study, distribution of the chemical among multimedia environment was estimated using EQC model based on the physical-chemical properties to evaluate the risk of benzoyl peroxide in environment. In level I, II calculation the chemical was distributed to soil (68.3 %) and water (28.7 %). In level III calculation it was primarily distributed to soil (99.9 %) and overall residence time of 3.4 years was estimated. Benzoyl peroxide could be persistent in environment.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.17 s.17
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• pp.5-18
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• 2005

Rock materials of the Stone Lantern in the Gwanchoksa temple was composed of dark grey granodiorite. This Stone Lantern is partly structural distortion as S-shape, especially, rocks of the upper supports and under the roof materials were highly deterioration due to the surface exfoliation, and strong secondary contaminations owing to the discoloration by oxidation of inserted iron plates between the rock properties, and white grey to dark black contaminants along the rain path way. Rock surface of the Stone Lantern occurred as partly green patches because of coated by algae, lichen and moss. This biological problems are need for cleaning and treatments. The Stone Lantern have to be considered to conservation method that can reduce weathering factors with long-term monitoring about environmental change for structural stability, surface degradation and mechanical weathering. Materials of the Stone Lantern and basement rocks of the area are consisted of same petrogenetic granodiotite based on occurrences, petrological and geochemical characteristics.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.121-132
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• 2004

Concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn were determined in four arctic brown algae (Laminaria saccharina, L. digitata, Alaria esculenta, Desmarestia aculeata) in an attempt to examine for their metal accumulation capacity and also to assess their contamination levels. Macroalgae were collected from shallow subtidal waters (<20m) of Kongsfjorden (Kings Bay) on Spitsbergen during the period of the late July to early August 2003. Metal concentrations highly varied between sampling sites, species and tissue parts. Input of melt-water laden with terrigenous sediment particles seemed to have a large influence on baseline accumulations of some metals (Al, Fe, Mn, Pb etc.) in the macroalgae, causing a significant spatial variation. There were also significant concentration differences between the young and old tissue parts in L. saccharina, L. digitata and A. esculenta. While Al, Fe, Mn, Pb were higher in the perennial parts (stipes and holdfast below meristematic region), Cd and As concentrations were significantly higher in the young blades above the meristematic region. Zn and Cr, on the other hand, showed little differences between the tissue parts. The highest metal concentrations were found in D. aculeata, which seems to be due to its filamentous fine branches leading to high surface/volume ratios. The lowest concentrations were found in the two Laminaria spp., the blades of which are thicker than D. aculeata and A. esculenta. No distinct signs of contamination were detected in the brown algal species analyzed. Added to this, the results of the present studies suggest the potential utility of L. saccharina, L. digitata and A. esculenta as biomonitors for metal pollution monitoring in this area.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2006.03a
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• pp.105-108
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• 2006

Red tide(harmful algae) in the Korean Coastal Waters has a given a great damage to the fishery every you. However, the aim of our study understands the influence of meteorological factors (air and water temperature, precipitation, sunshine, solar radiation, winds) relating to the mechanism of red tide occurrence and monitors red tide by satellite remote sensing, and analyzes the potential area for red tide occurrence by GIS. The meteorological factors have directly influenced on red tide formation. Thus, We want to predict and apply to red tide formation from statistical analyses on the relationships between red tide formation and meteorological factors. In future, it should be realized the near real time monitoring for red tide by the development of remote sensing technique and the construction of integrated model by the red tide information management system (the data base of red tide - meteorological informations). Finally our purpose is support to the prediction information for the possible red tide occurrence by coastal meteorological information and contribute to reduce the red tide disaster by the prediction technique for red tide.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.969-976
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• 2015

Macroalgal community structure was seasonally examined at Hakampo (Taean) in western coast of Korea from February 2007 to October 2010. Also, the effects of "Hebei Spirit" oil spill on the seaweed community structure were evaluated. A total of 101 macroalgal species were identified, comprising 12 green, 18 brown and 71 red algae. Species richness ranged 58-65 species with maximal in 2008 and minimal in 2009. Seaweed biomass ranged $75.81-102.06g\;dry\;wt./m^2$ (mean, $88.78g/m^2$) with maximal in 2008 and minimal in 2010. Vertical distribution from the high to low intertidal zone was Neorhodomela aculeata and Polyopes affinis; Corallina pilulifera and Chondrus ocellatus; Sargassum thunbergii and Ulva australis. Coarsely-branched seaweeds comprised the highest proportion of biomass ($37.17g/m^2$, or 41.86% of the total biomass) and ecological state group I (ESG I) seaweed biomass was between 81.67-85.44%. Also, ephemeral macroalgae including Ulva species sharply increased in species number and biomass within 1-2 year from the "Hebei Sprit" oil spill in the mid and low intertidal zone. Hakampo rocky shore is still good condition as evaluated based on macroalgal species number, biomass, and composition in functional form and ESG I seaweeds.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.262-277
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• 2018

We seasonally examined marine macroalgal community structures and ocean environmental characteristics in subtidal zones at five sites on and around Jeju Island, Korea, from February 2013 to November 2015. A total of 186 macroalgal species were identified, including 18 green, 33 brown, and 135 red algae. During the study period, the number of species was highest at Gapado Island (125 species) followed by Bukchon (123 species), Sagye (122 species), Sinheung (122 species) and Sinchang (97 species). Ecklonia cava, Peyssonnelia caulifera, Synarthrophyton chejuense, Corallina aberrans and Corallina crassisima occurred at all study sites and in all seasons. The average annual biomass of seaweed was $1,125.10g\;wet\;wt./m^2$ and ranged from $899.77g/m^2$ at Sinheung to $1,452.00g/m^2$ at Gapado. A brown alga E. cava was the most dominant species, accounting for 49.84% ($560.78g/m^2$) of the total seaweed biomass. Subdominant species were C. aberrans and C. crassissima, comprising 6.83% ($76.79g/m^2$) and 5.98% ($67.28g/m^2$) of total biomass, respectively. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct groups: the Sagye/Sinheung group (group A), the Bukchon/Sinchang group (group B), and the Gapado group (group C), indicating significantdifferences in macroalgal communities between sites.

• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.74-79
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• 2017

The Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), the world's first ocean color sensor operated in a geostationary orbit, can be utilized to mitigate damages by monitoring marine disasters in real time such as red tides, green algae, sargassum, cold pools, typhoons, and so on. In this paper, we described a methodology and procedure for processing GOCI data in order to maximize its utilization potential. The GOCI data processing procedure is divided into data reception, data processing, and data distribution. The kinds of GOCI data are classified as raw, level 1, and level 2. "Raw" refers to an unstructured data type immediately generated after reception by satellite communications. Level 1 is defined as a radiance data type of two dimensions, generated after radiometric and geometric corrections for raw data. Level 2 indicates an ocean color data type from level-1 data using ocean color algorithms.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.844-853
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• 2005

Red tide(harmful algae) in the Korean Coastal Waters has a given a given damage to the fishery every year. However, the aim of our study understands the influence of meteorological factors (air and water temperature, precipitation sunshine, solar radiation, winds) relating to the mechanism of red tide occurrence and monitors red tide by satellite remote sensing, and analyzes the potential area for red tide occurrence by GIS. The meteorological factors have directly influenced on red tide formation. Thus, We want to predict and apply to red tide formation from statistical analyses on the relationships between red tide formation and meteorological factors. In future, it should be realized the near real time monitoring for red tide by the development of remote sensing technique and the construction of integrated model by the red tide information management system (the data base of red tide - meteorological informations. Finally our purpose is support to the prediction information for the possible red tide occurrence by coastal meteorological information and contribute to reduce the red tide disaster by the prediction technique for red tide.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.447-456
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• 2000

Genus Prorocentrum of dinoflagellate has been known as representative causative algae of red tide in Masan-Jinhae Bay. Prorocentrum populations- P. dentatum Stein, p. micans Ehrenberg, P. minimum (Pavillard) Schiller and P. triestinum Schiller- were monitored from January 1990 to August 1997, Prorocentrum populations usually have bloomed during the water stratification periods from June to August. Water temperature ranged from 24$^{\circ}C$ to 28$^{\circ}C$ and salinity from 24$\textperthousand$ to 34$\textperthousand$ during the Prorocentrum blooms. Bloom magnitude of Prorooentrum populations gradually increased from offshore to inshore area of coastal embayment and this populations tended to concentrate from surface to 2.5m depth. Prorocentrum algal blooms have become more frequent and intense than those of 1980s and early 1990s. P. minimum was the most persistent species in terms of bloom frequency and cellular abundance.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.424-432
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• 2020

The present study aimed to analyze the metaproteome of the microbial community comprising harmful algal bloom (HAB) in the Daechung reservoir, Korea. HAB samples located at GPS coordinates of 36°29'N latitude and 127°28'E longitude were harvested in October 2013. Microscopic observation of the HAB samples revealed red signals that were presumably caused by the autofluorescence of chlorophyll and phycocyanin in viable cyanobacteria. Metaproteomic analysis was performed by a gelbased shotgun proteomic method. Protein identification was conducted through a two-step analysis including a forward search strategy (FSS) (random search with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Cyanobase, and Phytozome), and a subsequent reverse search strategy (RSS) (additional Cyanobase search with a decoy database). The total number of proteins identified by the two-step analysis (FSS and RSS) was 1.8-fold higher than that by one-step analysis (FSS only). A total of 194 proteins were assigned to 12 cyanobacterial species (99 mol%) and one green algae species (1 mol%). Among the species identified, the toxic microcystin-producing Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843 (62.3%) species was the most dominant. The largest functional category was proteins belonging to the energy category (39%), followed by metabolism (15%), and translation (12%). This study will be a good reference for monitoring ecological variations at the meta-protein level of aquatic microalgae for understanding HAB.