• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제51권4호
• /
• pp.356-361
• /
• 2006

The present study was conducted to determine plant growth and physiological responses of corn, barnyardgrass, and soybean to ALA (5-aminolevulinic acid). ALA effect on early seedling growth of test plants was greatly concentration dependant, suggesting that it inhibits at higher concentrations. No significant difference in herbicidal activity of two types of ALA on plant height and weight of test plants was observed. Barnyardgrass was the most sensitive to ALA and followed by corn and soybean, indicating that both crop plants were less affected by ALA concentration as well as different growth stages than barnyardgrass. Greatly reduced chlorophyll contents from leaves of three plant species were observed with increasing of ALA concentration. Compared with untreated controls, higher amounts of three tetrapyrroles were detected from three crop plants, indicating more accumulation in ALA-treated plants. The differential selectivity among plant species would be explained with the differences in tetrapyrrole accumulating capabilities, the susceptibility of various greening groups of plant species to the accumulation of various tetrapyrroles, and their metabolism in various plant tissues. The results indicate that negative biological potential of ALA exhibited differently on plant species, and that the photodynamic herbicidal activity against susceptible plants highly correlated with the extent of tetrapyrrole accumulation by the species.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.153-159
• /
• 2009

Rhodobacter capsulatus 유래의 hemA 유전자를 항시발현 벡터(pHCEIIB vector)에 클로닝한 후 과발현시킨 Escherichia coli BLR(DE3) 균주를 사용하여, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) 생산을 위한 적정 배양조건을 조사하였다. ALA 생산을 위한 배양온도는 $37^{\circ}C$보다는 $30^{\circ}C$에서 더 나은 결과를 나타내었다. Glycine 농도가 세포생장에 미치는 영향이 컸으며, 세포생장을 저해하지 않고ALA를 고농도로 생산하기 위한 적정 glycine 농도는 5-10 g/L 수준이었다. Succinic acid의 적정 첨가수준은 10-20 g/L이었으며, succinic acid의 일부를 glutamate로 대체할 경우에 ALA의 생산량을 향상시키는 효과가 있었다. 한편, 배지 중의 glucose 첨가는 ALA 생산성을 저하시키는 결과를 초래하였다. 이상과 같은 배양 조건 최적화를 통한 jar-fermentor 발효실험을 통하여, 고가의 유도제(IPTG)나 ALA dehydratase inhibitor를 첨가하지 않고도 8.2 g/L 수준의 고농도 ALA를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.210-217
• /
• 1992

토양으로부터 ${\delta}-aminolevulinic$ acid(ALA)의 생산성이 우수한 광합성세균 KUP-74f주를 분리하여 균학적 성질을 검토한 결과 이 균주는 Rhodocyclus gelatinosus로 동정되었다. 균의 배양은 $30^{\circ}C$, pH 6.8, 4Klux 텅스텐 광조도하에서 혐기적 정치배양하였으며, 배양 10일 후의 균체외 ALA 생산량은 5mg/l이었다. L-Glutamic acid를 제외한 Lascelles의 기본배지에 glycerol 0.5%(v/v)를 첨가 배양함으로써 ALA는 8 mg/l까지 증가하였으며, glycine과 succinic acid를 각 10 mM 첨가 배양함으로써 12 mg/l의 ALA가 생산되었다. 30 mM glutathione(redo-cod)의 첨가배양에 의하여 ALA 생산은 저하 되었으며, D,L-glutamic acid 및 D,L-glutamine에 의하여 ALA 생산이 late induction 되어 최고 21 mg/1에 이르렀다. ALA의 최대 생산량에 소요되는 배양시간은 ALA 생합성에 관한 $C_4$, $C_5$ pathways의 precursors 첨가시 각각 107 시간과 262시간이었다. 기본배지에 10 mM levulinic acid(LA)와 10 mM glycine을 동시에 첨가 배양함으로써 ALA 생산량은 40mg/l로 증가하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.1149-1156
• /
• 2008

The conformational study on neutral and zwitterionic L-alanines (N-Ala and Z-Ala, respectively) and the transition state (TS) for their interconversion is carried out using ab initio HF and density functional B3LYP methods with the self-consistent reaction field method in the gas phase and in solution. At both the HF and B3LYP levels of theory, the local minimum N1 for N-Ala is found to be most preferred in the gas phase and a weak asymmetric bifurcated hydrogen bond between the amino hydrogens and the carbonyl oxygen appears to play a role in stabilizing this conformation. The local minima N2a and N2b are found to be the second preferred conformations, which seem to be stabilized by a hydrogen bond between the amino nitrogen and the carboxylic hydrogen. The relative stability of the local minimum N2b is remarkably increased in solution than that in the gas phase. The local minimum N2b becomes more stable than the local minimum N2a in most of the solution. On the whole the relative free energies of Z-Ala and TS become more lowered, as the solvent polarity increases. N-Ala prevails over Z-Ala in aprotic solutions but Z-Ala is dominantly populated in ethanol and water. In aprotic solutions, the population of Z-Ala increases somewhat with the increase of solvent polarity. The barrier to Z-Ala-to-N-Ala interconversion increases on the whole with the increase of solvent polarity, which is caused by the increase of stability for Z-Ala.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제30권6호
• /
• pp.313-318
• /
• 2015

${\delta}$-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an endogenous metabolite formed in the mitochondria from succinyl-CoA and glycine, and plays a key role in the living body as an intermediate of the compound in the porphyrin biosynthesis pathway. ALA has been commonly used in photodynamic therapy for several years, because ALA is of interest as a biodegradable mediator, a growth regulator, and an effective agent used in dermatology. Here, we determined which ALA derivatives were the most effective for the inhibition of the cell proliferation and growth of human fibroblast. As a result, we found that the treatment of ALA derivatives including ALA, ALAP (ALA phosphate salt), MAL (Methyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride salt), PBGL (phophobilinogen lactam) and PBGH (phophobilinogen-HCl) could attenuate cell proliferation of human fibroblast cells. Among them, PBGH was the most effective derivative. In addition, PBGH treatment could induce mitochondrial membrane depolarization, leading to cell death of human fibroblast. These results suggest that mitochondrial membrane depolarization induced by ALA and PBGH treatment might be responsible for inhibition of cell proliferation and death. Taken together, our results propose the possibility that PBGH can be used as one of the effective drugs in human skin disease, psoriasis.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제43권5호
• /
• pp.540-546
• /
• 1999

새로운 NK-2 antagonist이며 고리상 펩티드인 cycIo-($Gln^1-Trp^2-Phe^3-{\beta}Ala^4-Leu^5-Met^6$)의 DMSO 용액 중에서의 형태를 2차원 핵자기공명과 분자동력학적인 계산에 의하여 결정하였다. 조건을 만족시키는 25개의 구조는 모든 아미노산 잔기의 골격원자들 (N,$C^{\alpha}$, C')의 자승 평균 평방근이 $0.02{\AA}$이내로 수렴하였다. 이 고리상 펩티드의 구조는 $Met^6NH$와 $Ala^4CO$, $Ala^4NH$와 $Met^6CO$, $Phe^3NH$와 $Met^6CO$의 사이에 분자내 수소결합이, Gln과 Trp에 type-I ${\beta}$-turn, 그리고 Leu에서 ${\gamma}$-turn을 취하고 있었다. 알려져 있는 고리상 펩티드인 cyclo-($Gln^1-Trp^2-Phe^3-Gly^4-Leu^5-Met^6$)의 Gly이 ${\beta}$Ala으로 바뀜에 따라 ${\beta}$Ala의 여분의 메틸렌이 고리의 골격의 반발력을 완화시키고 수소결합들이 형태의 안정에 기여하고 있다고 생각된다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.297-307
• /
• 2018

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) during in vitro maturation (IVM) on cumulus expansion, nuclear maturation, fertilization capacity and subsequent development in porcine oocytes. The oocytes were incubated with 0, 25, 50, and $100{\mu}M$ ALA. Cumulus expansion was measured at 22 h, and gene expresison and nuclear maturation were analyzed at 44 h after maturation. Then, mature oocytes with ALA were inseminated, and fertilization parameters and embryo development were evaluated. In results, both of cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation were increased in $50{\mu}M$ ALA groups compared to control groups (p<0.05). However, expression of gap junction protein alpha 1 (GJA1, cumulus expansion-related gene), delta-6 desaturase (FADS1, fatty acid metabolism-related gene), and delta-5 desaturase (FADS2) mRNA in cumulus cells were reduced by $50{\mu}M$ ALA treatment (p<0.05). Cleavage rate was enhanced in 25 and $50{\mu}M$ ALA groups (p<0.05), especially, treatment of $50{\mu}M$ ALA promoted early embryo develop to 4 and 8 cell stages (p<0.05). However, blastocyst formation and number of cells in blastocyst were not differ in 25 and $50{\mu}M$ ALA groups. Our findings show that ALA treatment during maturation could improve nuclear maturation, fertilization, and early embryo development through enhancing of cumulus expansion, however, fatty acid metabolism- and cumulus expansion-related genes were down-regulated. Therefore, addition of ALA during IVM of oocytes could improve fertilization and developmental competence, and further studies regarding with the mechanism of ALA metabolism are needed.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제34권12호
• /
• pp.1912-1920
• /
• 2021

Objective: This study investigated the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) on the motility parameters, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and ATP levels in chicken sperm. Methods: The pooled semen from Barred Plymouth Rock males was used. In the first experiment, the semen was diluted 4-times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS (-)) containing various concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mM) of 5-ALA, and then the sperm motility parameters after incubation were evaluated by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). In the second experiment, the semen was diluted 4-times with PBS (-) containing 0.05 mM 5-ALA, and then sperm mitochondrial membrane depolarization and ATP levels after 1.5 h of incubation were analyzed with the MitoPT^® JC-1 Assay and ATP Assay kits, respectively. In the third experiment, the semen was removed from the seminal plasma and resuspended with the mediums of PBS (-), PBS (-) supplemented with CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ (PBS (+)) + 5-ALA, PBS (+) + caffeine, and PBS (+) + caffeine + 5-ALA. Then, the sperm motility parameters after incubation were evaluated by CASA. In the last experiment, the semen was treated with the mediums of PBS (-), PBS (-) + 5-ALA, 5.7% glucose, 5.7% glucose + 5-ALA after removing the seminal plasma, and then the sperm motility parameters were evaluated by CASA. Results: The addition of 0.05 mM 5-ALA significantly increased the chicken sperm motility, progressive motility, linearity, average path velocity, curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, and the wobble. The sperm mitochondrial membrane depolarization was also increased by the 5-ALA treatment. The 5-ALA treatment decreased the sperm ATP levels. Both the caffeine treatment and glucose treatment decreased the sperm motility during incubation period. Conclusion: 5-ALA might increase sperm mitochondrial membrane depolarization to utilize the ATP for enhancing sperm movement.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.357-365
• /
• 2020

The aim of present study was to investigate regulatory mechanism of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) during in vitro maturation (IVM) on nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of porcine oocytes. Basically, immature cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were incubated for 22 h in IVM-I to which hormone was added, and then further incubated for 22 h in IVM-II without hormone. As a result, relative cumulus expansion was increased at 22 h after IVM and it was enhanced by treatment of ALA compared with control group (p < 0.05). During IVM process within 22 h, cAMP level in oocytes was decreased at 6 h (p < 0.05) and it was recovered at 12 h in ALA-treated group, while oocytes in control group recovered cAMP level at 22 h. In cumulus cells, it was reduced in all time point (p < 0.05) and ALA did not affect. Treatment of ALA enhanced metaphase-I (MI) and MII population of oocytes compared with oocytes in control group at 22 and 44 h, respectively (p < 0.05). Intracellular GSH levels in ALA group was increased at 22 and 44 h after IVM (p < 0.05), whereas it was increased in control group at 44 h after IVM (p < 0.05). In particular, the GSH in ALA-treated oocytes during 22 h of IVM was higher than control group at 22 h (p < 0.05). Lipid amount in oocytes from ALA group was higher than control group (p < 0.05). Treatment of ALA did not influence to absorption of glucose from medium. Cleavage and blastocyst formation of ALA-treated oocytes were enhanced compared with control group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that supplementation of ALA could improve oocyte maturation and development competence through increasing GSH synthesis, lipid storage, and regulation of cAMP accumulation during early 22 h of IVM, and these might be mediated by cumulus expansion.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.1028-1032
• /
• 1997

Low-temperature crystallization method silver nitrate-impregnated silicic acid column chromatography were applied for the isolation of pure $\alpha$-linolenic acid(ALA) from perilla seed oil. ALA or 78% in purity(HALA; yield, 83%) was obtained from the fatty acid mixture(ALA, 65.7%) derived from perilla oil by the low-temperature crystallization method, when the mixture was frozen at -8$0^{\circ}C$ for 210min. ALA over 90% in purity(yield, 71%) was also obtained from HALA ethyl esters(ALA, 78%) by the silver nitrate-impregnated silicic acid column(100cm$\times$10cm, i.d.) chromatography. In addition, the silver nitrate-impregnated silicic acid could be semipermanently used for isolation of ALA, because $Ag^{+}$ ion was not dissociated from the stationary phase.