• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.192-207
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• 2020

Profitability of upland crops is better than paddy crops and proportion of upland is increasing. However, there is a lack of infrastructures for upland irrigation. The object of this study were to develop water supply scenarios using individual and collective agricultural wells to evaluate economic feasibility to consider geographical analysis of upland farms and water supply facilities. Cheongyang, Dangjin, Yesan, and Goesan were selected as study areas where four different crops of red pepper, chinese cabbage, apple, and bean, respectively, were mainly produced in Chungcheong province. As a result, B/C ratio was estimated as 1.49, 1.36, 1.90, and 0.71 in using individual wells scenario, and 1.45, 1.20, 1.91, and 0.65 in using collective wells scenario for red pepper, chinese cabbage, apple, and bean. It turned out that change of price effected on economic feasibility a lot for crops with low production income. As a result of evaluating economic feasibility by number of plots for developing collective well, there was no effect of economy of scale for red pepper and chinese cabbage. In case of collectivizating more than 20 upland plots, effect of economy of scale appeared for apple and bean. In conclusion, development of water using high value crops including red pepper and apple, and effect of collective well requires additory analysis of .spatial distribution of farms.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of treatment of fly ash on heavy metal contents in the arable soils. Rice was cultivated on the two types of paddy field(clay loam and sandy loam soil) with 0, 4, 8, 12t/10a of anthracite fly ash and bituminous coal fly ash, respectively. And soybean was cultivated on the same types of upland field with those of 0, 3, 6, 9t/10a, respectively. At the harvest time, the heavy metal contents in surface and subsoil were investigated. The results were summarized as follows : 1. Anthracite fly ash. 1) In the paddy field of clay loam, the contents of Cu and Zn in the surface soil and Cd and Ni in the subsoil were increased with the increase of the amount of fly ash applied, but the others didn't show that tendency. 2) In the paddy field of sandy loam, only the content of Fe was increased in the surface and subsoils. 3) In the case of upland soil, the concentration of Ni and Cr in the surface soil and Cd in the subsoil were increased in the clay loam soil, and those of Cr in the surface soil and Pb in the subsoil were increased in the sandy loam soil. 2. Bituminous coal fly ash 1) In the paddy field of clay loam, the contents of Cu and Zn in the subsoil were increased with increase of the amount of fly ash applied, but in the case of sandy loam, those of Pb and Ni in the surface soil were increased. 2) In the upland soil of clay loam, the concentration of Ni in the surface soil and Pb in the subsoil were increased. 3) In case of upland soil of sandy loam, the contents of Cr and Fe were increased in the surface and subsoil, respectively, but those of Cu and Mn were increased in the both of the surface and subsoil.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.249-259
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of four lifestyle-related diseases, diabetes, hypertension, obesity and hypercholesterolemia, on oral health in the rural elderly in Korea. Methods: We enrolled 399 subjects over 60 years of age over a six year period, year 2000-2006/ year 2001-2007. All subjects received a routine health examination as part of a program conducted by the National Health Insurance Corporation at Seongju-gun Public Health Center in Gyeongsangbuk-do Province, South Korea. All subjects were surveyed and examined to determine their general and oral health statuses. Results: Our results suggest that the duration of lifestyle-related diseases has a significant influence on oral health. The following factors were all significant in the results of analyses: duration of diabetes, tooth decay, which teeth had decayed, missing and filled teeth(DMFT), duration of hypertension, and duration of obesity and hypercholesterolemia(p<0.05). Our results also suggest that the number of lifestyle related diseases has a significant influence on oral health. Subjects with more than two diseases had significantly greater numbers of missing teeth and greater numbers of DMFT(p<0.01). The results of simple regression analysis indicate that patients exhibiting longer durations of diabetes also exhibit more tooth decay, and that patients exhibiting longer durations of hypertension and obesity are characterized by greater numbers of missing teeth. The longer the duration of any of the four lifestyle-related diseases we considered, the more DMFT we observed. Multiple regression analyses also demonstrated that longer duration of lifestyle-related disease was associated with greater numbers of missing teeth. As the number of lifestyle-related diseases increased, DMFT also increased. Conclusions: In summary, lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity and hypercholesterolemia have significant influences on oral health in the elderly. In this context, the prevention and management of lifestyle-related disease is critical for the maintenance and promotion of oral health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.201-210
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• 2009

This study was undertaken to investigate the quality properties of yakchobugak as affected by lactic acid bacteria and waxy rice paste for improving palatability of yakchobugak of Agastache rugosa. Total sugar contents of lactic acid bacteria-fermenting waxy rice paste gelatinized at $90^{\circ}C$ were higher than that of $70^{\circ}C$. Reducing sugar contents were $2{\sim}5$ times higher in $70^{\circ}C$ waxy rice paste than in $90^{\circ}C$ waxy rice paste and increased as the fermentation progressed. Total acidity of waxy rice pastes gelatinized at $70^{\circ}C$ and fermented for 15 hours were $2.7{\sim}1.3$ times higher than at $90^{\circ}C$, and then Lactococcus lactis had the lowest total acidity during fermentation. Viscosity of fermented paste (VFP) were lower than those of raw paste. VFPs gelatinized at $90^{\circ}C$ were markedly higher than those at $70^{\circ}C$ over 28% concentration. In L. lactis and Lactobacillus plantarum, VFPs fermented for 15 hours were over $2{\sim}3$ times lower than those fermented for 40 hours. Hunter's color lightness (L) and yellowness (b) were decreased according to the elevation of gelatinization temperature and fermentation time. L. lactis and L. plantarum-producing waxy rice pastes were the uniform micell type with a large air-pore size and amorphous micell type with a small air-pore size, respectively. Based on these results, L. lactis was a lower lactic acid-producing bacteria as well as uniform air-pore distribution on waxy rice paste. It was found to be a good sourpaste-fermenting strain for enhancement of quality properties of yakchobugak, as revealed through viscosity, total acidity, Hunter's color b value and scanning electron micrographs.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.285-292
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• 2011

In order to develop livestock wastewater treatment technology by natural purification method, the optimum filter media in small-scale livestock wastewater treatment apparatus for treating livestock wastewater were studied. Removal rates of pollutants under different filter media were in the other of coarse sand ${\fallingdotseq}$ broken stone > zeolite > calcite for COD, zeolite >> broken stone ${\fallingdotseq}$ coarse sand ${\fallingdotseq}$ calcite for T-N, and calcite > coarse sand ${\fallingdotseq}$ broken stone ${\fallingdotseq}$ zeolite for T-P. Based on the above results, the optimum filter media was coarse sand in small-scale livestock wastewater treatment apparatus. To meet acceptable effluent quality standard for livestock wastewater and to improve T-N and T-P removal efficiencies, removal efficiencies of pollutants in small-scale livestock wastewater treatment apparatus with mixed filter media were studied. The removal rates of COD, SS, T-N and T-P in effluent were 84, 94, 65 and 98% in small-scale livestock wastewater treatment apparatus with mixed filter media, respectively. For increasing the T-N and T-P removals in small-scale livestock wastewater treatment apparatus, the mixed filter media are recommended.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.278-284
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• 2011

To obtain optimum configuration method and livestock wastewater loading in small-scale livestock wastewater apparatus by natural purification method for treating livestock wastewater, the small-scale livestock wastewater apparatuses were constructed with 9 kinds of combined systems such as aerobic bed (ae)-anaerobic bed (an), ae-ae, ae-anoxic bed (ox), an-an, an-ae, an-ox, ox-ae, ox-an and ox-ox livestock wastewater treatment apparatuses. Under different configuration methods, the removal rate of COD in Ae-Ae and Ae-An livestock wastewater treatment apparatus was higher than that in other configuration methods. The removal rate of T-N in Ae-An livestock wastewater treatment apparatus was higher than that in other configuration methods. Removal rates of SS and T-P were not different regardless of configureation methods in small-scale livestock wastewater treatment apparatus. Under different livestock wastewater loading, the removal rates of pollutants were higher in the order of $50L\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}{\fallingdotseq}100L\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}\;>\;200L\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$. Therefore, optimum configuration method was Ae-An livestock wastewater treatment apparatus, and optimum livestock wastewater loding was $100L\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$ in small-scale livestock wastewater treatment apparatus.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.43-49
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• 1984

The acute toxicity of an insecticide cartap to several species of freshwater animals was evaluated in the laboratory with special reference to the species specificity, effects of water temperatures and pH values. The aquatic animals tested were the Carassius auratus L., Aphyocypris chinensis $G{\"{U}}NTHER$, Misgurus anguillicaudatus CANTOR, Moina macrocopa STRAUS. The susceptibility of aquatic animals to cartap was different with the species of animals. At the water temperature of $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 7, TLm values of the insecticide to the C. auratus L., A. chinensis G. and M. anguillicaudatus were 0.88, 0.26 and 0.13 ppm in 48 hours, respectively, and to Moina macrocopa S., 306 ppm in 3 hrs. In the case of the three species of fish, TLm 48 values were significantly decreased with rise in temperature. In the case of water flea, where TLm value was 107 ppm at $20^{\circ}C$, there was no consistent response to temperature change, with the highest figure at $25^{\circ}C$ than at either 20 or $30^{\circ}C$. and the susceptibility of C.auratus L. and A. chinensis G. greatly decreased with the increase of pH in water. The toxicity to M. anguillicaudatus and M. macrocopa was significantly higher at pH 9 than at pH 6 or 7. In conclusion, the toxicological reactions of the freshwater animals to cartap were variably influenced by the water temperatures and pH values of water and species of animals.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.224-229
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• 2019

The two most common mushroom species grown in Korea are pearl oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and king oyster mushroom (P. eryngii). In recent years, the production of king oyster mushroom greatly increased due to the automation of the cultivation facilities, and it became a major export mushroom owing to its excellent shelf life. However, the increase in the production of king oyster mushroom led to a decline in its market price; thus, necessitating the development of new mushroom species that could replace king oyster mushroom, to diversify the mushroom market for the benefit of both, the producers and the consumers. The Mushroom division at the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science (NIHHS) reported the development of a new interspecific hybrid between P. ferulae and P. tuoliensis, referred to as 'Creamy.' Two parental strains KMCC00430 (Bisan2ho, P. ferulae) and KMCC00461 (P. tuoliensis) were selected based on the results of genetic resource analysis, and their monokaryons were collected. About 1,000 Mon-Mon crosses were performed and 73 of them were selected. Following repeated cultivation tests and strain analyses, we selected strain 7773, which had a bright creamy pileus and a thick straight stipe, and named it 'Creamy.' Optimum temperature for mycelial growth of Creamy was 25-30℃, and that for fruiting body growth was 16℃. The pileus, which had a brighter creamy color, was small in size with a diameter of 61.2 mm. Although it was cultivated in suboptimal conditions, such as low temperature and high CO₂ concentration, Creamy was characterized by its straight and smooth stipe. Field production tests and further analyses indicated that the yield of Creamy was 5% higher than that of Baekhwang. It is expected that Creamy, the new interspecific hybrid with a bright creamy pileus and a pleasant flavor, will help create new opportunities for mushroom farmers and diversify the mushroom market.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to compare the frech and dry matter yields and feed values of Sorghum$\times$Sudangrsss Hybrid in accordance with different nitrogen and potassium fertilizer sources at the Dae-Ho reclaimed tidal land, Korea from 2003 to 2004. Soil salt contents of ammonium sulfate plots(T3, T4, T5) were higher than that of the urea plot(T2), but that of potassium sulfate plot(T6) was the lowest. The fresh yields of ammonium sulfate plots(T3, T4, T5) and potassium sulfate plot(T6) were higher than that of the urea plot(T2) as $173\%,\;173\%,\;144\%\;and\;90\%$. respectively. The dry matter and total digestible nutrient(TBN) yields were similar tendency like the results of the fresh matter yields. The crude protein(CP), neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber(ADF) contents of ammonium sulfate plots(T3, T4, T5) were higher than those of urea plot(T2), but those of potassium sulfate plot(T6) were the lowest. On the other hand, TDN content in potassium sulfate plot(T6) was the highest. It was desirable to use ammonium sulfate$(20\~30kg\;N/10a)$ and potassium sulfate fertilizer$(15kg\;K_2O/10a)$ than those of urea and potassium chloride fertilizer on reclaimed tidal land in view of forage production and its feed value.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.318-327
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: For Non-Point Source(NPS) loads reduction, pollutant loads need to be quantified for major farming methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate impacts of farming methods on NPS pollutant loads from a paddy rice field during the growing season. METHODS AND RESULTS: The height of drainage outlet, amount of fertilizer, irrigation water quality were considered as farming factors for scenarios development. The control was derived from conventional farming methods and four different scenarios were developed based combination of farming factors. A field scale model, CREAMS-PADDY(Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems for PADDY), was used to calculate pollutant nutrient loads. The data collected from an experimental plot located downstream of the Idong reservoir were used for model calibration and validation. The simulation results agreed well with observed values during the calibration and validation periods. The calibrated model was used to evaluate farming scenarios in terms of NPS loads. Pollutant loads for T-N, T-P were reduced by 5~62%, 8~37% with increasing the height of drainage outlet from 100 mm of 100 mm, respectively. When amount of fertilizer was changed from standard to conventional, T-N, T-P pollutant loads were reduced by 0~22%, 0~24%. Irrigation water quality below water criteria IV of reservoir increased T-N of 9~65%, T-P of 9~47% in comparison with conventional. CONCLUSION(S): The results indicated that applying increased the height of drainage after midsummer drainage, standard fertilization level during non-rainy seasons, irrigation water quality below water criteria IV of reservoir were effective farming methods to reduce NPS pollutant loads from paddy in Korea.