• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.320-324
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• 2017

Development of modern agricultural machinery and accompanying agricultural development cause soil compaction and reduce growth by stressing roots. Kalanchoe pinnata was used to investigate the impact of stress on rooting and changes in plant growth and reproduction. K. pinnata forms somatic embryos capable of asexual reproduction at the edge of leaves. Impact of root pressurization of K. pinnata on somatic embryogenesis and organ differentiation according to external stress factors was investigated by using a high concentration of agar and this phenomenon was studied histologically. Agar concentration in culture media ranged from 0.5%-1.5% to induce a compression effect on roots. The stem and leaf of K. pinnata were subjected to a microtechnique process to study changes in tissue. In vivo, K. pinnata produced 2nd and 3rd plantlets at edges of leaves from lack of water and excessive lighting conditions. In in vitro culture studies, the lower the concentration of agar, the higher the population and the higher the biomass, but plantlet did not occur in leaf bends. Conversely, as concentration of agar increased, increase in the number of individuals was low. Plantlet development occurred only in agar 1.5% medium. The difference in agar concentration was a stressor in the root of K. pinnata, and thus the pattern of asexual reproduction changed from the division method in root to a plantlet generation in leaf. This suggests root pressurization may act as stress and change in the plant reproduction pattern.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.6
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• pp.37-41
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• 1988

The present work deals with the effect of agar and auxins concentrations on vitrification in tissue culture of Gypsophila paniculata L. cv. 'Bristol Fairy' in vitro. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Plant growth, that is, plant height, fresh weight and branching were decreased as increasing agar concentration. On the other hand, addition effect of IAA 1.0mg/l+NAA 0.5mg/l and IAA 2.0mg/l+NAA 1.0mg/l on the plant height were increased strikingly. 2. Addition effect of auxins on the days to rooting were little. And the root development showed same tendency as plant growth. 3. The rate of non-vitrified plants were gradually increased as rising agar concentration. But the addition of agar 1.5g/l in the medium resulted in poor growth. 4. From these results, it was found that following media were the most effective for increasing of non-vitrified and good plant growth in Gypsophila paniculata L. tissue culture.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 1995

In order to investigate the effects of gelling agent on rice anther culture, anthers of rice (Japonica cv Daecheongbyeo) were cultured on N$_{6}$ media supplemented with 0.8, 1.2 or 1.6% Junsei agar and 05, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 or 1.0% Gelrite (Phytagel, Sigma). On Junsei agar media, the frequency of callus induction was decreased in proportion to agar concentration. The frequency of callus induction was more increased as 67.6% and 54.8% in media containing 0.4 and 0.6% Gelrite than in agar media. The frequency of plant regeneration and spontaneous doubled-diploid was directly proportional to Junsei agar and Gelrite concentration. The number of green and spontaneous doubled diploid plant was highest on 0.6% Gelrite medium. In order to optimize the concentration of growth regulators for the callus induction medium containing 0.6% Gelrite, anthers were cultured on N$_{6}$ media supplemented with 2mg/L NAA, 2 mg/L 2,4-D, 1mg/L NAA and 1mg/L 2, 4-D, or 1mg/L NAA, 1mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5mg/L kinetin. The maximum frequency of callus induction and plant regeneration was obtained from the medium supplemented with 2 mg/L NAA and 0.6% Gelrite. In conclusion the induction of embryogenic callus, the frequency of plant regeneration and in vivo chromosome doubling was more effective in Gelrite media than in Junsei agar media.dia.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.315-319
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• 1999

Spore attachment of Ulva fasciata on agar and agaroses coating films showed various surfaces properties according to concentrations of agar or agaroses or via methanol. The highest number of spore attachment occurred in Sigma agarose coating film. Spore attachment on Bacto agar and other agaroses coating films showed the 12 ∼ 36 times less than Sigma agarose coated film. Comparison of spore attachment on 2.5% and 5％ Seakem agarose and Bacto agar coating films differed in two concentrations while coating of 2.5% and 5％ with NuSieve and Sigma agaroses did not differed. Spore attachment of coating made of 5％ and 5% via 4% MeOH with Bacto agar and Nusieve agarose only differed. Overall, these results indicated agar and agarose coating films differed in spore attachment. Results of this work will be useful baseline for bioassay of antifouling activity of fouling organisms.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.722-726
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• 1996

To bring out the functional properties of Agar-agar extracted with 0.01N $H_2SO_4$ from Cellidium amansii produced in Che-ju Udo and its rheological properties were investigated. The flow behavior indexes in the range of $0.5\~5\%$ agar-agar solution were $0.62\~0.69\;at\;80^{\circ}C,\;0.46\~0.67\;at\;60^{\circ}C\;and\;0.34\~0.64\;at\;50^{\circ}C$. The consistency indexes were $0.12\~1.26\;Pa{\cdot}s^n\;at\;80^{\circ}C,\;0.12\~7.28\;Pa{\cdot}s^n\;at\;60^{\circ}C\;and\;3.9\~19952.6\;Pa{\cdot}s^n\;at\;50^{\circ}C$. Consistenry index's existence nature to concentration is two straight line relation which have different slopes on the border of $2\%$ concentration of agar-agar solution and existence nature of temperature followed Arrhenius equation. And the activation energy, in the range of $0.5\%\~5\%$ agar-agar solution, were $0.09\~13.51\;kcal/g{\cdot}mol$.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.13-18
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• 2011

Experimental studies were carried out to investigate the characteristics of explosion mitigations by varying concentrations of agar gel barriers in an explosion chamber, 1400 mm in length, with a square cross-section of $100{\times}100mm^2$. Another extension chamber, $100{\times}100{\times}300mm^3$, was made to hold a gel barrier. Four different gel concentrations were used in the measurements: 2, 3, 4, 5 %(by weight of gel). Displacement of the gel barrier was measured using a high speed camera, and pressure development was measured using pressure transducers and a data acquisition system. It was found that as the concentrations of the gel barriers increased, the gel rupture time and the time taken to reach the maximum pressure increased. It was also found that the increment of gel concentrations increased the reduction percentage in the maximum pressure between before and after gel barrier.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.290-295
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• 2009

Red-algae agar, consisting of D-galactose and 3, 6-anhydro-L-galactose, is usable for bio-ethanol production if hydrolyzed to monomer unit. The objective of this study is to produce bio-ethanol from agar using the heat and acid-treatment. Bio-ethanol was produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM1129 strains using agar-pretreatment. The optimal condition for reducing sugar conversion by agar was found to be 15 min reaction at a HCl concentration of 0.1 N and $120^{\circ}C$. The optimum concentration for maximum cell growth was 0.1 N NaCl (17.88 g/L). Over 0.1 N NaCl, the cell growth decreased to 6.78~10.76 g/L. At 16% agar concentration, the ethanol production obtained by optimum pretreatment was found to be 10.16 g/L.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2004

The effect of plant growth regulators and gelling agents for plant regeneration from leaf segment of Chrysanthemum zawadskii ssp. coreanum was investigated. NAA was more effective than BA for plant regeneration. MS medium supplemented with NAA 1 mg/L was the most effective in plant regeneration. The effect of agar and gelite as gelling agent was compared. Agar(0.8%) was more effective than gelite(0.2%) in plant regeneration. Regenerated shoots was successfully increased by shoot grafting in MS medium supplemented with NAA 0.1 mg/L in vitro, and hardened by shoot grafting in artificial soil mix(Peatmoss : Perlite = 1 : 1).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.319-325
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• 1985

Agar was prepared from domestic agarophyte (Gelidium amansii) by a process of acid extraction. Optimal conditions in the acid treatment of the seaweed and the gelling properties of the agar thus prepared were investigated. The yield and gel strength of the control (the agar extracted with distilled water) showed 13,3% and 306g/$cm^2$, respectively. The yield of 38.7% was obtained when agar was extracted with 0.007N Hydorchloric acid while the gel strength of agar,511g/$cm^2$ was observed with the agar extracted with 0.005N Hydorchloric acid solution. The agar extracted with hydrochloric acid solution showed excellent properties of agar at the acid concentration range 0.005N-0.01N The cooking time of 60 min. was found to be effective to the yield and also to the gelling property of the agar and the cooking longer than 60 min. was proved to be destructive to agar. In general, yield and gelling properties of the agar obtained showed a close relation to the acid concentration and cooking time, but no consistent influence on the contents of ash and sulfur trioxide.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.811-814
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• 2000

Effects of kanamycin concentration on regeneration and rooting of transgenic 'McIntosh Wijcik' were investigated to establish the efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. Relatively high regeneration frequency of explants appeared even at the high concentration of $150mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ kanamycin, but the regeneration frequency and the number of normal shoots decreased significantly at a concentration of higher than $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ kanamycin in the gelrite-gellifying medium. Rooting response varied with the transgenic lines in the agar-solidifying medium supplemented with the different concentrations of kanamycin and they were grouped with the inhibition level at $30mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ concentration. No correlation between copy number and root response was observed. The optimum concentrations of kanamycin for the regeneration of 'McIntosh Wijcik' apple in the medium gellified with gelrite and for indirect-selection of putative transformants in the rooting medium solidified with agar were found to be $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and $30mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ respectively.