• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.357-374
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• 2001

This study analyzed the trends of fashion market in 15 branch stores of 3 major department stores in Seoul. The purposes of this study were to classify fashion zone and brands in each floor of the department stores, and to analyze the rate which a fashion brand was located department store. The results were as follows : 1. There were sundry goods on main floor, women\`s clothings on 2-4th floor, sports & golf wears and infants & children\`s clothings from 6th floor to the top in most department stores. 2. Lotte Chamshil branch had the largest number of fashion brands in it, the nest was Lotte Main store and followed by Hyundai Chunhoe branch, Shinsegae Gangnam branch, Hunndai Shinchun branch, Lotte Gangnam branch, Hyundai Main store, Hyundai Muyeuk-Center branch, and Lotte Youngdeungpo branch, etc. 3. The fashion categories of the Lotte Department stores were segmented as the Casuals (character, young, young basic, career, town, jean, city), Young worlds, Imported beautique, Madams, Designers(beautique), Intelligences, Unisex, Ladies formal wears, the Seasonables, and the Formals, Missy Careers. This was the most various fashion market segments among 3 major department stores. This store had 667 Women\`s fashion and Casual brands. The Chamshil branch and Main store were intensified the Casual & sundry goods on 5th floor. 4. The fashion categories of the Hundai Department stores were segmented as Women\`s wears, Women\`s casuals, Young-Adult, Young live, Women\`s former wears, Royal beautique and Young characters. It was less segmented than other Department stores. Total number of Women\`s fashion and casual brands were 471 brands. The market segmentation of fashion zone was well done at Chunho branch and Shinchun branch. It was intensified that Fashion sundry goods at Muyeuk-Center branch and The Women and Young fashion zone at Chunho branch. 5. The fashion categories of the Shinsaegae Department stores were segmented as Casuals (young, young character, X-, missy, career, character), Imported beautique, Designer\`s characters, Young basics, Elegance, Missy, Young weave, Original brands. This store had 304 Women\`s fashion and Casual brands. Shinsaegae has also developed it\`s own brand(PB items) and classified as the Original zone which differentiated it from other Departments. 6. The Deco was the most popular brand in the department stores, the next were Micha/Botticelli, and followed by Darks/System/lzzat Baba, Givy/Obzee/Lee won jae/Kim yeon Joo, and so on. The target of 6 out of 10 brands which were included in here were career women of age 20 to 30 ages. The price rate were from 200,000 won to 300,000 won.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 1993

With immunohistochemical method, We have examined the distribution, the size, the number, and the morphology of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral cortex of rats at the 1st. 2nd, 3rd, 4th postnatal week and the 2nd and 3rd months of age. The results are summarized as follows : 1) Strongly immunoreactive somatostatin neurons were found in the layer V and VI at the first postnatal week and then they were observed to be densely populated in the layer II and III from the 3rd postnatal week on as in the adult rat. 2) The size of the neuron was largest at the 2nd postnatal week while the number of the neurons was greatest in the 1st or 2nd postnatal week, depending on the different areas of the cortex. Overall the postnatal development of somatostatin neurons are well corresponds with the general principle of neuronal development of CNS.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.113-136
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• 2015

This study is about criminal judgement of child abuse. The purpose of this study is to analyze contents and reasons for judgements about child abuse crime in detail especially focused on elements and contents of weighing of an offense and concurrent imposition and then to suggest alternatives for policies and law-enforcement for the prevention of that crime. The data were collected from 484 written judgements on 579 criminal defendants that were related to 'Violation of the Child Welfare Act' and were conducted by content analysis. The results are as follows. First, Only about 25% criminal defendants were guilty of violations of the Child Welfare Act were sentenced to imprisonment and the rest of them(about 75%) were merely sentenced to probation of imprisonment or fined. Second, Proportion of prison sentence or period of jail time have not been increased in spite of public indignation and upward of statutory punishment by legislation. Third, in the case of child sexual abuse, there are frequent cases in which concurrent imposition was not put, regardless of explicit statement in the related laws. Last, this study revealed that some mitigation factors of sentence that have been identical to crimes against adult have been applied to child abuse crime uncritically, for example agreement and regret and so on. On the basis of such results, this study proposed policy alternatives for prevention of the recurrence of child abuse, i.e. intrinsic standard of weighing of an offense, concurrent imposition to perpetrators of child abuse and so on.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 1983

In spite of the world-wide increase of incidence of pesticide poisoning due to greater use of pesticides, the epidemiological study of pesticide poisoning in Korea has been grossly neglected. The author gained access to the medical records for two year period (1981 through 1982) from local clinics, hospitals and health centers of Kyungpook area to investigate the status of the pesticide poisoning. During these two years, there were 1,618 cases of documented pesticide poisoning, of which in 1981 were 765 and in 1982 were 853. Those in the twenties decade of age was the most frequent and the male(70%) was more liable than the female (30%). In view of manner of poisoning, occupational poisoning was 27.8%, accidental 5.6%, and suicidal 66.6%. There are three distinct groups which make up the large majority of both fatal and nonfatal cases; young children who accidentally ingest pesticides, young to middle age adult who are occupationally poisoned, and middle age to older adults who suicidally ingest pesticides. The seasonal distribution of these poisonings disclosed the peak month to be July, with August next, followed by June and September. Only 11% of cases occurred during the three-month winter season of December to February. Thus pesticide caused poison- ing was primarily a summer and early fall occurrence. During these two years, average of 67 cases of poisoning was observed monthly. Of the pesticide poisoning documented, 49% were treated with poisoning patients from local clinic and 43% from hospital. The case fatality rate of occupational poisoning was 0.9%, accidental 5.6% and suicidal 20.3%. The mean overall case fatality rate was 14.1%. Annual incidence of pesticide poisoning was 25.4 per 100,000 population in the study area. There is a nationwide need for more reliable date on pesticide poisoning. This need can only grow more acute with the passage of time because of the increasing importance of pesticides as a cause of morbidity and mortality.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.157-173
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• 2003

The history of pediatric psychopharmacology is very short and the research on safety, efficacy and side effects is preliminary and long-term effect on growth and maturation is not well known yet. Clinical findings have shown that the responses to antidepressants, antipsychotics, CNS stimulants and steroids in children and adolescents might be different from adult populations. Based on these findings, this paper reviewed three issues, Firstly, in developmental pharmacokinetics. the author discussed the developmental factors affecting drug absorption, distribution, protein-binding, metabolism and excretion. Secondly, in developmental pharmacodynamics, developmental characteristics of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine receptors and their clinical implications were reviewed. Lastly, in pharamcogenetic part, the clinical utility of pharmacogenetics, pharmacokinetic aspects of pharmacogenetics, the pharmacodynamic aspects of pharmacogenetics, the association studies of dopamine-related alleles in neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders or Tourette’s disorders, pharmacogenetic studies dopamine-related alleles and the pharmacogenetic studies of serotonin-related alleles. Based on these preliminary research, future pharmacogenetic applications in childhood and adolescent psychiatry were also discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.886-894
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• 2013

The National Standard Food Composition Table published by the Rural Development Administration (RDA) provides the foundations in research, nutrition monitoring, policy and dietary practices in Korea. This databases consists of several sets of data including food descriptions, nutrients, portion weights, and source of data. The National Standard Food Composition Table have been published since 1970 and, recently, new version (8th edition) of Food Composition Table which has quantitative and qualitative nutrient data is released in 2011. In addition, the User-friendly Food Composition Table is divided into adult, children, and elderly categories depending on the subjects because we need different nutrients according to various ages. The Tables of Food Functional Composition is firstly edited in 2009. RDA published the minerals and fatty acids composition table, tables of amino acid, fat-soluble vitamin composition table, and the cholesterol table. The resulting database will be widely used. The users of the databases are from diverse fields, includeing federal agencies, the food industry, health professionals, restaurants, software application developers, academia and research organizations, international organizations, and foreign governments ect. Therefore, consistent improvements of the database is important, so that people can better address such health challenges by providing reliable and accurate data.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.367-375
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• 2008

Anchorage plays an important role in orthodontic treatment. Skeletal anchorage like the miniscrew is considered a more effective method in anchorage control than conventional anchorage which needs much patient's cooperation. The miniscrew offers many advantages. 1) It is easy to insert and to remove. 2) It can endure the force needed for moving teeth. 3) It can be immediately loaded and 4) Patient cooperation is not needed. 5) It is economic compared to other skeletal anchorage systems. In comparison to adult's bones, children's bones have comparatively poor bone quality and quantity. Therefore, it is hard to obtain primary stability in younger patients. However, if the miniscrew can be retained successfully, it will be effective in many orthodontic treatments. In these cases, we used the miniscrew in correcting of diastema, in aligning dental midline, and in rendering a forced eruption of impacted tooth in mixed dentition patient. We obtained satisfactory results.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.141-154
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to provide the information of the aged olds for which basic data are almost no available. The subjects were divided on the base of age 75. The elderly under 75 were named 'the young olds' and over 75 were 'the aged olds'. The aim of this research is to promote health and to improve nutrition, and the survey was made for health promotion behaviors, habits against health risk, dietary management status and diet intake. And it was conducted by 24 hr-recall method and analyzed by nutrients intake. 242 subjects were collected in 12 cities or counties in Gyeonggi Province and 20 elderly people (10 male and 10 female) were selected out of 1 village in each district. Questionnaire about health behavior and dietary management was carried out by interview method through regional home extension workers. Statistical analyses were made by SAS (version 8.1) and Chi-square tests and General Linear Models were used. Out of the subjects the aged olds over 75 was 31.9%, elementary school educated (93.5%), with spouse (40.3%), with adult children(28.6%), monthly living cost of 500-1,000 thousand won(40.3%). Mean age was 78.82 years compared with 69.75 years of the young olds. 46.8% of the aged olds used monthly pocket money over 1000 won and it was lower than 63.3% of the young olds. Only half of the aged olds had regular exercise of walking (77.8%) or with athletic equipment (17.8%). However, the young olds did more frequent walking (82.1 %) and less exercise with athletic equipment (4.8 %), which was significantly different. Kinds of disease were different with the young or the aged olds, as more proportion of cardiovascular disease(37.9%) for the young olds and joint lumbago neuralgia(41.6%) for the aged olds. Dietary management was good (3 meals per day: 93.4%, fixed mealtime: 72.4%, and regular amount: 79.9%). But there was significant difference in side dish varieties and kinds of snacks; for the aged olds only 8% had over 5 sorts (compared with 18.8% of the young olds) and the kinds of snacks were cookie, candy, juice, carbonated beverage for the aged olds (compared with noodle, milk, soybean-milk for young olds). The ratio of nutrients intake (energy, riboflavin and niacin) with RDA was significantly higher for the aged olds than that of the young olds. The surveyed subjects had no difficulties in Activities of Daily Living (ADL), but some of the aged olds had difficulties in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) like housekeeping, using transportation, going shopping and making phone calls. These results suggest that low quality of life is linked with low economic status of the rural elderly and congregate meal at village hall would be required because of the lack of side dishes variety for the aged olds. And nutrition education program about good snacks and exercise practice would be needed for the aged olds. By operating nutrition education program the aged olds would enjoy better quality life maintaining or ameliorating IADL abilities.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.58 no.9
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• pp.336-340
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• 2015

Purpose: The mean adult height of Koreans has increased since nationwide anthropological measurements began in 1967. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in heights of Korean late adolescents and young adults within and between the Second and Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES II and V). Methods: Koreans aged ${\leq}22$ years with available measurements of height were enrolled from the KNHANES surveys (KNHANES II: n=3,372 [1,732 males and 1,640 females]; KNHANES V: n=6,190 [3,198 males and 2,992 females]). Differences in the height of KNHANES respondents within and between surveys were evaluated according to age and sex. Results: In KNHANES II, there was no significant difference in height between males aged 17-19 years and those aged 20-22 years ($174.3{\pm}0.5cm$ vs. $174.3{\pm}0.6cm$, P=0.995). Females aged 20-22 years were taller than those aged 17-19 years ($159.8{\pm}0.4cm$ vs. $161.0{\pm}0.4cm$, P=0.017). Females aged 17-19 years were significantly taller in KNHANES V than in KNHANES II ($161.2{\pm}0.3cm$ vs. $159.8{\pm}0.4cm$, P=0.004). Respondents aged 20-22 years were taller in KNHANES V than in KNHANES II, although not significantly so; the difference was $0.3{\pm}0.8cm$ in males (P=0.721) and $0.5{\pm}0.6cm$ in females (P=0.386). Conclusion: Koreans appear to continue growing even in their late adolescence and early twenties. Consequently, it may be necessary to expand the reference age ranges of the Korean growth chart. Additionally, a longitudinal growth survey is needed to determine growth patterns and secular trend in height among Koreans.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.310-320
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• 2014

Backgrounds: Endotoxin, which found in the outer membrane of the gram-negative bacteria cell wall, makes up almost all of the lipopolysaccharide(LPS). When people are exposed to endotoxin,it can result in diverse health effects such as an airway irritation and inflammation, fever, malaise, bronchitis, allergic asthma, toxic pneumonitis, hypersensitivity lung disease. Cases among the elderly, children or pregnant can occur more frequently than a healthy adult if they are repeatedly exposed to the existing endotoxin. Therefore, we investigated and assessed the environmental characteristics associated with the airborne endotoxin concentration level in six hospital lobbies. Method: Endotoxin from indoor air in six hospital lobbies was measured by an area sampling method and analyzed according to American Society for Testing and Materials International(ASTM international) E2144-01. Total suspended particulate(TSP), carbon dioxide($CO_2$), temperature and humidity were also measured by using direct reading measurements or airborne sampling equipment at the same time. Environmental characteristics were appropriately divided into two or three groups for a statistics analysis. One-way analysis variable(one-way ANOVA) was used to examine a difference of the endotoxin concentration, depending on the environmental characteristics. In addition, only variables with p-value(p<0.25) were eventually designed to the best model by using multiple regression analysis. Results: The correlation analysis result indicated that TSP(p=0.003) and $CO_2$(p<0.0001) levels were significantly associated with endotoxin concentration levels. In contrast, temperature(p<0.068) and humidity(p<0.365) were not associated with endotoxin concentration. Levels of endotoxin concentration were statistically different among the environmental characteristics of Service time(p=0.01), Establishment of hospital(p<0.001), Scale of hospital(p=0.01), Day average people using hospital(p=0.03), Cleaning time of lobby(p=0.05), Season(p<0.001), and Cleaning of ventilation system(p<0.001) according to ANOVA. Finally, the best model(Adjusted R-square=72%) that we designed through a multiple regression test included environmental characteristics related to Service time, Area of lobby, Season, Cleaning of ventilation system, and Temperature. Conclusions: According to this study, our result showed a normal level of endotoxin concentration in the hospital lobbies and found environmental management methods to reduce the level of endotoxin concentration to a minimum. Consequently, this study recognized to be requirement for the management of ventilation systems and an indoor temperature in order to reduce the level of endotoxin concentration in the hospital lobbies.