• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.826-835
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• 1999

Background : The $\beta_2$ adrenergic receptor ($\beta_2$ AR) polymorphisms occurring at amino acid position 16 (Arg to Gly), 27 (Gln to Glu), 34 (Val to Met), and 164 (Thr to Ile) are known to be functionally relevant and also disease-modifying in subjects with asthma. However the contribution of these polymorphisms to the development of the asthmatic phenotype or other markers for allergic disease remains to be established. Methods : 109 patients with bronchial asthma and 42 healthy person were included. Serum total IgE, allergen specific IgE, and skin prick test were performed to all of the subjects. $\beta_2$ AR polymorphisms were checked by mutated allele specific amplification (MASA) method. Results : The results were as follows. The frequencies of $\beta_2$ AR polymorphisms in asthmatic patients and healthy person were not statistically different(p>0.05). There was no association between $\beta_2$ AR polymorphisms of amino acid position 16, 27, 34 and the existence of atopy among asthmatic patients(p>0.05). Between asthmatic patients with or without elevated IgE level and $\beta_2$ AR polymorphisms of amino acid position 16, 27, 34, there was no statistically significant association(p>0.05). Conclusion : There was no difference in frequency of the $\beta_2$ AR polymorphism between asthmatic patients and healthy person. In the bronchial asthma, association of $\beta_2$ AR polymorphism and atopy/serum total IgE was not found.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1256-1264
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• 2016

Adrenergic, alpha-1B-, receptor (ADRA1B) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 beta (PPARGC1B) genes are involved in regulation of hen ovarian development. In this study, these two genes were investigated as possible molecular markers associated with hen-housed egg production, egg weight (EW) and body weight in Chinese Dagu hens. Samples were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique, followed by sequencing analysis. Two novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified within the candidate genes. Among them, an A/G transition at base position 1915 in exon 2 of ADRA1B gene and a T/C mutation at base position 6146 in the 3'- untranslated region (UTR) of PPARGC1B gene were found to be polymorphic and named SNP A1915G and T6146C, respectively. The SNP A1915G (ADRA1B) leads to a non-synonymous substitution (aspartic acid 489-to-glycine). The 360 birds from the Dagu population were divided into genotypes AA and AG, allele A was found to be present at a higher frequency. Furthermore, the AG genotype correlated with significantly higher hen-housed egg production (HHEP) at 30, 43, 57, and 66 wks of age and with a higher EW at 30 and 43 wks (p<0.05). For the SNP T6146C (PPARGC1B), the hens were typed into TT and TC genotypes, with the T allele shown to be dominant. The TC genotype was also markedly correlated with higher HHEP at 57 and 66 wks of age and EW at 30 and 43 wks (p<0.05). Moreover, four haplotypes were reconstructed based on these two SNPs, with the AGTC haplotype found to be associated with the highest HHEP at 30 to 66 wks of age and with higher EW at 30 and 43 wks (p<0.05). Collectively, the two SNPs identified in this study might be used as potential genetic molecular markers favorable in the improvement of egg productivity in chicken breeding.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.86-94
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• 2002

Ligusticum Chuanxiong and its components were reviewed in terms of pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Three components of about 40 chemical components in Chuanxiong tetramethylpyrazine, ferulinolol and Butylidenephthalide have mainly been studied for its pharmacodynamic mechanisms which are focused on the increase in blood flow and anti-oxidative stress. The mechanisms for the effects of Chuanxiong on the increase in blood flow can be summarized as four ways, 1) anti-coagulation 2) blocker of ${\beta}1$ adrenergic receptor 3) cellular control of Ca++ level 4) collagen synthesis. Chuanxiong also showed the effectiveness on free radical-induced injury. It seems that its effectiveness is also related to the mechanisms for the increase in blood flow.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.43-45
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• 2019

Intraoperative delivery of salbutamol (${\beta}_2$ agonist) through a breathing circuit may be performed in asthma patient. A 28-year-old woman with a history of asthma was diagnosed with chronic sinusitis and bilateral nasal polyps, and an endoscopic sinus surgery was performed. The patient was recommended salbutamol nebulization every 4 hours during the perioperative period because of the risk of asthma attack. At the end of the operation, when salbutamol was sprayed through the tube before extubation and the connector tip went inside the tube during injection. The patient was immediately referred to the pulmonary medicine department for bronchoscopy, where the foreign body was removed safely without any complications. When general anesthesia is performed on a patient who usually uses an inhaler for asthma, caution is required because the tip that connects the inhaler and the breathing circuit can aspirate into the endotracheal tube and enter the lungs when applying the inhaler before waking up the patient.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.28-43
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• 2012

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of Boiogito for obesity. We examined the efficacy of Boiogito for obese patients and we expected the reaction of Boiogito would vary according to the single nucleotide polymorphism(SNPs). Methods: 111 subjects(body mass index${\geq}25m/kg^2$) were recruited and randomized to receive Boiogito(n=55) or Placebo(n=56) for 8weeks. Anthropometric factors, serum lipid profile, glucose, blood pressure(BP), pulse rate, resting metabolic rate and Korean version of obesity-related quality of life(KOQOL) scale measured at baseline and 8weeks. SNPs(${\beta}3$-adrenergic receptor(ADRB3), G protein ${\beta}3$(GNB3), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma 2 gene(PPAR-${\gamma}2$), uncoupling protein(UCP2)) were conducted at baseline. Adverse reactions and safety outcome variables were also checked during trials. Results: Both groups showed significant improvement on obesity after treatment. Boiogito group decreased triglyceride than did control group and improved KOQOL. Boiogito showed a significant higher efficacy in C/T and T/T genotype of GNB3 gene / in Trp64 and Arg64 genotype of ADRB3 gene / in D/D genotype of UCP2 gene / in Pro/Pro genotype of PPAR-${\gamma}$ gene. Conclusions: Boiogito promoted obesity indexes without severe adverse reactions and proved its safety. Pharmacogenetical studies of Boiogito on obesity could be a effective method for the individualized treatment and prevention of obesity.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.153-166
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• 1999

SAENGMAEGSAN(SMS) has been used in oriental medicine for many years as a therapeutic agent for cerebral disease. The effect of SMS on the vascular system is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SMS on blood pressure, regio-nal cerebral blood flow(rCBF). 1. Blood pressure did not change by SMS in rats. 2. rCBF was increased by SMS in a dose-dependent manner. 3. Pretreatment with propranolol. methylene blue and indomethacin significantly inhibited SMS induced increase in rCBF. These results suggest that SMS causes a diverse response of blood pressure, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and pial arterial diameter. The increase in rCBF is also mediated by prostaglandins. cyclic GMP and adrenergic ${\beta}$receptor.

• BMB Reports
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.419-424
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• 2021

Cold-induced norepinephrine activates β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-AR) to stimulate the kinase cascade and cAMP-response element-binding protein, leading to the induction of thermogenic gene expression including uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1). Here, we showed that stimulation of the β3-AR by its agonists isoproterenol and CL316,243 in adipocytes increased the expression of Ucp1 and Heme Oxygenase 1 (Hmox1), the principal Nrf2 target gene, suggesting the functional interaction of Nrf2 with β3-AR signaling. The activation of Nrf2 by tert-butylhydroquinone and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by glucose oxidase induced both Ucp1 and Hmox1 expression. The increased expression of Ucp1 and Hmox1 was significantly reduced in the presence of a Nrf2 chemical inhibitor or in Nrf2-deleted (knockout) adipocytes. Furthermore, Nrf2 directly activated the Ucp1 promoter, and this required DNA regions located at -3.7 and -2.0 kb of the transcription start site. The CL316,243-induced Ucp1 expression in adipocytes and oxygen consumption in obese mice were partly compromised in the absence of Nrf2 expression. These data provide additional insight into the role of Nrf2 in β3-AR-mediated Ucp1 expression and energy expenditure, further highlighting the utility of Nrf2-mediated thermogenic stimulation as a therapeutic approach to diet-induced obesity.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.153-164
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• 1988

The potential role of endogenous opioid peptides (EOPS) in cardiovascular regulation has only recently been entertained. EOPS have been localized in brain, spinal cord, autonomic ganglia, particularly the adrenal gland, and many other peripheral tissues. There are at least five major types of opioid receptors; namely ${\mu},\;{\delta},\;k,\;{\sigma},\;and\;{\varepsilon}$ and Experimental evidence indicates that cardiovascular actions of the peptide are mediated primarily by ${\mu},\;{\delta}$ and k receptors, and that these receptor types may be allosterically coupled. In anesthetized rabbits met-enkephalin decreased blood pressure and heart rate, which closely paralleled a reduction in sympathetic discharge. Naloxone, but not naloxone methobromide, antagonized these effects, which suggests a central site of action of met-enkephalin. A number of autonomic agents, particularly adrenergic ${\alpha}$-and, ${\beta}-agonists$ and antagonists modify the cardiovascular actions of met-enkephalin. Experiments in reserpine-treated and adrenalectomized rats provide no evidence of sympathetic nervous system involvement in the pressor responses to intravenous injection of opioid peptides, but rather suggest a direct peripheral action. Finally, activation of a beta-endorphinergic pathway projecting from the arcuate nucleus to the nucleus tractos solitarii in rats can cause naloxone reversible hypotension and bradycardia. There is evidence to implicate this pathway in antihypertensive drug action and in the modulation of baroreflex activity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.171-184
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• 2024

Purpose: Although activating thermogenic adipocytes is a promising strategy to reduce the risk of obesity and related metabolic disorders, emerging evidence suggests that it is difficult to induce adipocyte thermogenesis in obesity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the regulation of adipocyte thermogenesis in diet-induced obesity. Methods: Adipose progenitor cells were isolated from the white and brown adipose tissues of control diet (CD) or high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice, and fully differentiated white and brown adipocytes were treated with β-agonists or 18-carbon fatty acids for β-adrenergic activation or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activation. Results: Compared to the CD-fed mice, the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) was lower in the white adipose tissue of the HFD-fed mice; however, this was not observed in the brown adipose tissue. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) was lower in the brown adipose progenitor cells isolated from HFD-fed mice than in those isolated from the CD-fed mice. Norepinephrine (NE) treatment exerted lesser effect on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (Pgc1a) upregulation in white adipocytes derived from HFD-fed mice than those derived from CD-fed mice. Regardless which 18-carbon fatty acids were treated, the expression levels of thermogenic genes including Ucp1, Pgc1a, and positive regulatory domain zinc finger region protein 16 (Prdm16) were higher in the white adipocytes derived from HFD-fed mice. Oleic acid (OLA) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) upregulated Pgc1a expression in white adipocytes derived from HFD-fed mice. Brown adipocytes derived from HFD-fed mice had higher expression levels of Pgc1a and Prdm16 compared to their counterparts. Conclusion: These results indicate that diet-induced obesity may downregulate brown adipogenesis and NE-induced thermogenesis in white adipocytes. Also, HFD feeding may induce thermogenic gene expression in white and brown primary adipocytes, and OLA and GLA could augment the expression levels.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.2 s.20
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• pp.13-19
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• 1976

A fluid extract of Zizyphi Semen was employed in this experiment. The cardiac effects of Zizyphi Semen were examined on isolated rabbits atria and heart in situ of anesthetized cats and rabbits. The adrenergic blocking activity and refractory period of cardiac muscle were measured after administration of this drug. In rabbits and cats the antiarrhythmic action of Zizyphi Semen on atrial and ventricular arrhythmias produced by epinephrine or ouabain was examined. The results were following: 1. Zizyphi Semen produced a decrease in rate and contractile amplitude of the isolated rabbit atria and had a week blocking effect on epinephrine acceleration of atrial movement. 2. Zizyphi Semen effectively abolished the spontaneous arrhythmia occurring in the isolated rabbit atria ana the atrial arrhythmia induced by ouabain. 3. Zizyphi Semen produced a marked prolongation of the refractory period in isolated atrial muscle of rabbit. 4. Zizyphi Semen prevented the induction of ventricular arrhythmia arising from excessive dose of epinephrine in anesthetized rabbits and cats. 5. With regard to the ventricular arrhythmia induced by a continuous infusion of ouabain, Zizyphi Semen exerted suppressive effect and produced a marked prolongation of cardiac arrest time in anesthetized rabbits and cats. From the above results, it may be concluded that Zizyphi Semen is effective against atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. The antiarrhythmic effect of this drug may be the result of direct myocardial depressive and partially adrenergic beta receptor blocking activities including prolongation of the refractory period of cardiac muscle.