• 대한약침학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Ganoderma lucidum herba pharmacopuncture(GHP) on the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Methods: 3T3- L1 preadipocytes were differentiated with adipogenic reagents by incubating for 2 days in the absence or presence of GHP ranging from 1 and 2%. The effect of GHP on cell proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was investigated using MTT assay. The effect of GHP on adipogenesis was examined by Oil red O staining and measuring glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and intracellular triglyceride (TG) content. Results: Following results were obtained from the preadipocyte proliferation and adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1. We observed no effect of GHP on preadipocyte proliferation. GHP inhibited adipogenesis, the activity of GPDH and accumulation of intracellular TG content. Conclusions: These results suggest that GHP inhibit differentiation of preadipocyte.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.286-293
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• 2012

Resveratrol (3,4,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a phytoalexin found in grape skin, grape products, and peanuts as well as red wine, has been reported to have various biological and pharmacological properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-obesity effect of resveratrol-amplified grape skin extracts on adipocytes. The anti-obesity effects of grape skin extracts were investigated by measuring proliferation and differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. The effect of grape skin ethanol extracts on cell proliferation was detected by the MTS assay. The morphological changes and degree of adipogenesis of preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells were measured by Oil Red-O staining assay. Treatment with extracts of resveratrol-amplified grape skin decreased lipid accumulation and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity without affecting 3T3-L1 cell viability. Grape skin extract treatment resulted in significantly attenuated expression of key adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins, and their target genes (FAS, aP2, SCD-1, and LPL). These results indicate that resveratrol-amplified grape skin extracts may be useful for preventing obesity by regulating lipid metabolism.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.136-141
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the action mechanism of the roots of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica extract (ATE) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cell toxicity test by MTT assay and lipid accumulation was performed to evaluate the inhibitory effect on the differentiation of adipocyte from preadipocytes induced by MDI differentiation medium, while adipogenesis related proteins expression level were evaluated by western blotting. As a result, ATE inhibited MDI-induced adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells dose-dependently without cytotoxicity. Our results showed that ATE inhibited the phosphorylation of IRS1, thereby decreasing the expression of PI3K110α and reducing the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR, resulting in attenuated protein expression of C/EBPα, PPARγ, ap2 and FAS in 3T3-L1 cells. These results suggest anti-adipogenic functions for ATE, and identified IRS1 as a novel target for ATE in adipogenesis.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.58-65
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• 2020

Fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene helps to regulate energy homeostasis in mammals by controlling energy expenditure. In addition, FTO functions in the regulation of obesity and adipogenic differentiation; however, a role in osteogenic differentiation is unknown. This study investigated the effects of FTO on osteogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells and the underlying mechanism. Expression of osteogenic and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers were characterized by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining was performed to assess ALP activity. BMP2 treatment increased mRNA expression of osteogenic genes and FTO. Overexpression of FTO increased expression of the osteogenic genes distal-less homeobox5 (Dlx5) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) increased FTO expression, and there was a positive feedback loop between FTO and p-AMPK. p-AMPK and FTO induced mild ER stress; however, tunicamycin-induced severe ER stress suppressed FTO expression and AMPK activation. In summary, FTO induces osteogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells upon BMP2 treatment by inducing mild ER stress via a positive feedback loop with p-AMPK. FTO expression and AMPK activation induce mild ER stress. By contrast, severe ER stress inhibits osteogenic differentiation by suppressing FTO expression and AMPK activation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.645-650
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• 2019

Brown adipocytes have an important role in the regulation of energy balance through uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1)-mediated nonshivering thermogenesis. Although brown adipocytes have been highlighted as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type II diabetes in adult humans, the molecular mechanism underlying brown adipogenesis is not fully understood. We recently found that protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type B (PTPRB) expression dramatically decreased during brown adipogenic differentiation. In this study, we investigated the functional roles of PTPRB and its regulatory mechanism during brown adipocyte differentiation. Ectopic expression of PTPRB led to a reduced brown adipocyte differentiation by suppressing the tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGFR2, whereas a catalytic inactive PTPRB mutant showed no effects on differentiation and phosphorylation. Consistently, the expression of brown adipocyte-related genes, such as UCP-1, $PGC-1{\alpha}$, PRDM16, $PPAR-{\gamma}$, and CIDEA, were significantly inhibited by PTPRB overexpression. Overall, these results suggest that PTPRB functions as a negative regulator of brown adipocyte differentiation through its phosphatase activity-dependent mechanism and may be used as a target protein for the regulation of obesity and type II diabetes.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2006

In order to improve the antiobesity effect of Kochujang, 1% of sea tangle powder, alginic acid extract, and fucoidan extract were added to Kochujang. Sea tangle powder-added Kochujang decreased leptin secretion by only 12% compared to Kochujang, whereas alginic acid or fucoidan-added Kochujang significantly decreased leptin secretion by more than 60% in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Fucoidan, one of the active components of sea tangle, decreased leptin secretion by 56%, 60%, and 60% compared to the control in the concentrations of $1{\mu}M,\;2.5{\mu}M,\;and\;5{\mu}M$, respectively. To see the effect of fucoidan on TG formation during adipocyte differentiation, 3T3-L1 cells were treated with $1{\mu}M\;and\;5{\mu}M$ concentrations of fucoidan during adipocyte differentiation (from 'day 0' to 'day 6'). Oil red O staining showed fucoidan decreased the amount of TG droplets and $5{\mu}M$ fucoidan potently inhibited TG formation. To see the effect of fucoidan on lipolysis, differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with fucoidan. The secretion of glycerol, which is used to measure lipolytic activity, was increased by 21%, 37%, and 53% compared to the control in the concentrations of $1{\mu}M,\;2.5{\mu}M,\;and\;5{\mu}M$, respectively. Oil red O staining showed fucoidan decreased TG amount at $1{\mu}M\;and\;5{\mu}M$ concentrations. These results suggest that fucoidan decreases leptin secretion and TG accumulation by inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and induction of lipolysis. Since fucoidan is reported to have various biological activities in addition to an anti-adipogenic effect, it seems valuable to develop fucoidan-added Kochujang as a multi-functional Kochujang.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1088-1097
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• 2018

Objective: It is commonly accepted that adiponectin binds to its two receptors to regulate fatty acid metabolism in adipocytes. To better understand their functions in the regulation of intramuscular adipogenesis in goats, we cloned the three genes (adiponectin [AdipoQ], adiponectin receptor 1 [AdipoR1], and AdipoR2) encoding these proteins and detected their mRNA distribution in different tissues. We also determined the role of AdipoQ in the adipogenic differentiation of goat skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs). Methods: SMSCs were isolated using 1 mg/mL Pronase E from the longissimus dorsi muscles of 3-day-old female Nanjiang brown goats. Adipogenic differentiation was induced in satellite cells by transferring the cells to Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with an isobutylmethylxanthine, dexamethasone and insulin cocktail. The pEGFP-N1-AD plasmid was transfected into SMSCs using Lipofectamine 2000. Expression of adiponectin in tissues and SMSCs was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical staining. Results: The three genes were predominantly expressed in adipose and skeletal muscle tissues. According to fluorescence and immunocytochemical analyses, adiponectin protein expression was only observed in the cytoplasm, suggesting that adiponectin is localized to the cytoplasm of goat SMSCs. In SMSCs overexpressing the AdipoQ gene, adiponectin promoted SMSC differentiation into adipocytes and significantly (p<0.05) up-regulated expression of AdipoR2, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty-acid synthase, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, though expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding $protein-{\alpha}$, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$, and AdipoR1 did not change significantly. Conclusion: Adiponectin induced SMSC differentiation into adipocytes, indicating that adiponectin may promote intramuscular adipogenesis in goat SMSC.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.523-528
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• 2017

본 연구는 국내 산림자생 식물 추출물 5종(밤나무, 진달래, 산수유, 복분자딸기, 갈참나무)에 대한 지방세포 분화 억제 및 활성산소종(ROS) 생성 억제 효능을 평가하였다. 지방세포 분화 중 세포 내 지방축적 및 ROS 생성량을 비교한 결과, 국내 산림 식물 5종 모두 지방축적량 및 ROS 생성량을 농도 유의적으로 감소키는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 복분자딸기 추출물을 처리한 지방세포에서 지방 축적 및 ROS 저감에 가장 크게 나타났으며 양성대조군으로 사용된 N-acetyl-L-cysteine과 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 또한, 복분자딸기 추출물을 처리함으로써 지방세포의 분화를 조절하는 전사인자인 $PPAR{\gamma}$, $C/EBP{\alpha}$ 및 aP2 발현이 억제됨을 확인하였다. 국내 산림 식물 5종 추출물은 천연물에서 유래한 항비만 및 항산화 활성 기능성식품 소재로 활용 가능할 것으로 생각한다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.95-103
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• 2019

입술은 각질층이 매우 얇아 수분증발에 취약하며, 노화 과정에서 주름이 증가하고, 붉은색을 잃으며, 볼륨이 감소하게 된다. 매력적인 입술을 가지기 위해 시행되는 지방이식, 필러 주입을 대체하기 위한 성분에 대한 연구는 아직 보고된 바가 거의 없으며, 최근 새로운 지방세포의 수를 증가시키는 것이 인체 내 지방을 늘릴 수 있는 방법으로 제안되고 있다. 우리는 선행연구에서 지방줄기세포를 지방세포로 분화 유도하는 천연물질로써 요엽후박나무 추출물(Magnolia officinalis bark extract)의 우수한 효능을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 요엽후박나무 추출물이 바이오 프린팅으로 제작한 지방 유사 구조체에서 지방(lipid droplet)의 양을 증가시키면서 분화를 촉진시킴을 3D 수준에서 확인하였다. 다음으로 입술 주름에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 주름 사진으로 부터 명암값의 표준편차(SDGV)를 J 이미지 소프트 웨어를 사용하여 측정함으로써 객관적 측정 방법을 확립하였고, 주름 정도에 따른 입술 주름 그레이드를 도출하여 정량화하였다. 결과적으로 요엽후 박나무 추출물 1%를 함유한 제품을 12주간 사용했을 때, 입술 주름을 유의하게 개선시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과는 요엽후박나무 추출물이 지방줄기세포를 지방세포로 분화 유도하는 효능을 가지며, 이러한 효능이 입술 주름을 개선하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다는 점을 시사하고, 따라서 요엽후박나무 추출물은 입술 주름과 볼륨을 개선하는 화장품 후보 소재로 적용 가능하다는 것을 보여준다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2017

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta, delta ($C/EBP{\beta}$, ${\delta}$)는 지방세포분화 과정의 초기에 필수적으로 요구되며 지방생성 주요 조절인자인 proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha ($C/EBP{\alpha}$)의 발현을 유도한다. 본 연구에서는 silibinin의 지방세포 분화 억제 효과 및 이러한 효과가 지방세포 분화초기에 $C/EBP{\beta}$ 및 $C/EBP{\delta}$의 발현 조절을 통해 일어난 다는 것을 확인하였다. Silibinin은 지방세포 내 지질축적을 억제하고 세포분화 과정 동안 관여하는 다양한 유전자의 mRNA 발현을 억제하였다. 또한 lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid binding protein 4 (AP2) 및 adiponectin과 같은 지방세포 분화 관련 유전자의 발현을 억제시켰다. 따라서, Silibinin의 지방세포 분화 억제효과는 $C/EBP{\beta}$ 및 $C/EBP{\delta}$의 발현억제에 의한 것으로 보인다. 더불어, Silibinin은 capspase-3 활성을 통해 분화하는 세포에 특이적으로 세포사멸을 유도하는 것을 확인하였다.