• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.511-515
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• 2006

Antibiotic resistance of foodborne pathogens adapted to garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) was determined in order to understand the relationship between antibiotic resistance and garlic. The Gram (-) strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium and the Gram (+) strains of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus were subcultured consecutively in a garlic broth, and the surviving colonies on the agar were selected as the adapted strains. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for 15 antibiotics on the adapted strains were determined on Muller-Hinton Infusion agar. Adaptation to 1.3%(v/v) garlic juice increased MIC for vancomycin, aminoglycoside, and erythromycin on B. cereus, and for ampicillin and erythromycin on E. coli O157:H7. MIC of aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and vancomycin on the adapted S. aureus increased. The adapted S. typhimurium was more resistant to penicillin and vancomycin than the non-treated strain. The adapted S. typhimurium and S. aureus lost their antibiotic resistance in non-garlic stress conditions. However, the adapted B. cereus was still resistant to erythromycin and vancomycin, and the adapted E. coli was also resistant to erythromycin. Antibacterial garlic might increase the antibiotic resistance of E. coli, B. cereus, S. aureus, and S. typhimurium and this resistance can continue even without the stress of garlic. Therefore, garlic as a food seasoning could influence the resistance of such pathogens to these antibiotics temporarily or permanently.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.260-266
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• 2009

In order to obtain the fundamental data for the marine ranch, this paper was carried out to investigate cortisol variation in blood according to adapted time in the measurement of auditory threshold. The groups were adapted at the experimental tanks for 0.5, 1, 3 and 6 hours, respectively. At the results, cortisol concentration had a deep connection with adapted time. In particular, cortisol concentration in the experimental group of 1 hour was significantly increased, whereas others showed no difference comparing with the control group. When classical conditioning method with the sound coupled with a delayed electric shock was given after the adapted time of 1 hour and 6 hours, the rate of the conditioning completion for 6 hours was higher than that of 1 hour. Therefore, this suggests that the sufficient adapted time was required for the accurate auditory threshold.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1772-1781
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• 2007

Activated sludge was sequentially adapted to benzene, toluene, and o-xylene (BTX) to study the effects on the change of microbial community. Sludge adapted to BTX separately degraded each by various rates in the following order; toluene>o-xylene>benzene. Degradation rates were increased after exposure to repeated spikes of substrates. Eleven different kinds of sludge were prepared by the combination of BTX sequential adaptations. Clustering analyses (Jaccard, Dice, Pearson, and cosine product coefficient and dimensional analysis of MDS and PCA for DGGE patterns) revealed that acclimated sludge had different features from nonacclimated sludge and could be grouped together according to their prior treatment. Benzene- and xylene-adapted sludge communities showed similar profiles. The sludge profile was affected from the point of the final adaptation substrate regardless of the adaptation sequence followed. In the sludge adapted to 50 ppm toluene, Nitrosomonas sp. and bacterium were dominant, but these bands were not dominant in benzene and benzene after toluene adaptations. Instead, Flexibacter sp. was dominant in these cultures. Dechloromonas sp. was dominant in the culture adapted to 50 ppm benzene. Thauera sp. was the main band in the sludge adapted to 50 ppm xylene, but became vaguer as the xylene concentration was increased. Rather, Flexibacter sp. dominated in the sludge adapted to 100 ppm xylene, although not in the culture adapted to 250 ppm xylene. Two bacterial species dominated in the sludge adapted to 250 ppm xylene, and they also existed in the sludge adapted to 250 ppm xylene after toluene and benzene.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.175-175
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• 2017

To understand molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation of plant cells to saline stress and stress memory, we developed Arabidopsis callus suspension-cultured cells adapted to high salt. Adapted cells to high salt exhibited enhanced tolerance compared to control cells. Moreover, the salt tolerance of adapted cells was stably maintained even after the stress is relieved, indicating that the acquired salt tolerance of adapted cells was memorized. In order to characterize metabolic responses of plant cells during adaptation to high salt stress as well as stress memory, we compared metabolic profiles of salt-adapted and stress-memorized cells with control cells by using NMR spectroscopy. A principle component analysis showed clear metabolic discrimination among control, salt-adapted and stress-memorized cells. Compared with control cells, metabolites related to shikimate metabolism such as tyrosine, and flavonol glycosides, which are related to protective mechanism of plant against stresses were largely up-regulated in adapted cell lines. Moreover, coniferin, a precursor of lignin, was more abundant in salt-adapted cells than control cells. Cell morphology analysis using transmission electron microscopy indicated that cell wall thickness of salt-adapted cells was significantly induced compared to control cells. Consistently, salt adapted cells contained more lignin in their cell walls compared to control cells. The results provide new insight into mechanisms of plant adaptation to saline stress as well as stress memory in metabolic level.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.1301-1321
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• 2012

In this paper we study the unique solvability of backward stochastic Volterra integral equations (BSVIEs in short), in terms of both the adapted M-solutions introduced in [19] and the adapted solutions via a new method. A general existence and uniqueness of adapted M-solutions is proved under non-Lipschitz conditions by virtue of a briefer argument than the ones in [13] and [19], which modifies and extends the results in [13] and [19] respectively. For the adapted solutions, the unique solvability of BSVIEs under more general stochastic non-Lipschitz conditions is shown, which improves and generalizes the results in [7], [14] and [15].

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.2E
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• pp.87-92
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• 2003

In this paper, a new speech enhancement method using level adapted wavelet packet is presented. First, we propose a level adapted wavelet packet to alleviate a drawback of the conventional node adapted one in noisy environment. Next, we suggest an adaptive noise estimation method at each node on level adapted wavelet packet tree. Then, for more accurate noise component subtraction, we propose a new estimation method of spectral subtraction weight. Finally, we present a modified spectral subtraction method. The proposed method is evaluated on various noise conditions: speech babble noise, F-l6 cockpit noise, factory noise, pink noise, and Volvo car interior noise. For an objective evaluation, the SNR test was performed. Also, spectrogram test and a very simple listening test as a subjective evaluation were performed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.65-76
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• 1994

The regiospecific potential for the reductive dechlorination of 2-, 3-, 4-, 2, 3-, 2, 4-, and 3, 4-chlorophenols (CPs) was studied in mono- and di-CP(DCP) adapted sediment slurries(10% solids). Freshwater sediments adapted to transform 2-CP dechlorinated all tested mono- and di-CPs except 4-CP without a lag period. Adaptation to 2-CP, thus, enhanced the onset of dechlorination of 3-CP and all ortho-substituted CPs tested. Sediment adapted to transform 3-CP dechlorinated all test CPs, except 4-CP and 2, 4-DCP, without a lag period. Sediment adapted to individual DCPs (2, 3-, 2, 4-, and 3, 4-DCP_ exhibited dechlorination(no lag phase) of 2-CP, 2, 3-, 2, 4-, and 3, 4-CDP. Interestingly, meta-cleavage of 3, 4-DCP in all tested adapted sediment occurred, while para-cleavage occurred in 3, 4-DCP adapted sediment. Sediment adapted to dechlorinate ortho and meta-chlorines exhibited a preference for meta following ortho-cleavage, but not for para-cleavage, while the preference for reductive dechlorination was ortho>meta>para for mono-CPs and ortho>para>meta for DCPs in unadapted freshwater anoxic sediments.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.363-376
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• 1993

This study was taken to examine serum components concentrations and electrophoretic patterns of female tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) living in 0$\textperthousand$, 10$\textperthousand$, 20$\textperthousand$, and 30$\textperthousand$ salt concentrations, respectively. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows. The level of albumin and total protein showed changes in each salinity, but didn't significantly(P<0.05) change in Oreochromis niloticus. The level of BUN didn't significantly(P<0.05) change. When fish were adapted from 0$\textperthousand$ to 10$\textperthousand$, 20$\textperthousand$ and 30$\textperthousand$, each calcium level in every salinity groups showed less than that of control, and didn't significantly change in 10$\textperthousand$, 20$\textperthousand$, 30$\textperthousand$ salinity. The level of calcium didn't significantly(P<0.05) change in each salinity. In 20$\textperthousand$ salinity, the level of cholesterol was at the highest peak. When fish were adapted from 0$\textperthousand$ to 10$\textperthousand$, 20$\textperthousand$ and 30$\textperthousand$, each glucose level gradually decreased. When fish were adapted from 0$\textperthousand$ to 10$\textperthousand$, 20$\textperthousand$ and 30$\textperthousand$, each glucose level gradually decreased. When fish were adapted from 0$\textperthousand$ to 10$\textperthousand$, 20$\textperthousand$ and 30$\textperthousand$. In 30$\textperthousand$ salinity, the level of alkaline phosphatase was at the highest peak. The level of serum enzyme such as SGOT and SGPT was higher in seawater-adapted group than in freshwater group. The level of phosphorus chnage significantly(P<0.05) in each salinity. Correlation coefficient between serum albumin and glucose in 0$\textperthousand$ was ＋0.924. Correlation coefficient between serum SGOT and SGPT of individuals in 0$\textperthousand$ was ＋0.917. Fraction 1 of transferrin patterns of tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) adapted in seawater was much thicker than that of transferrin patterns of individuals adapted in freshwater. Also fraction No. a wasn't observed in some individuals adapted in freshwater. These results showed that transferrin adapted in seawater relatively increased. Slight differences, that is, showed to be observed in total iron binding capacityand iron saturatin rate between tilapia adapted in freshwater and in seawater. The increase in total iron binding capacity was attributed to a rise in transferrin pressent in the first fraction of serum protein adapted in seawater. Accordingly, the serum iron levles seemed to be related to salinity($\textperthousand$).

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.213-223
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• 2006

In this paper we establish the Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund strong law of large numbers for blockwise adapted sequences. Some related results are considered.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.509-536
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• 2010

In this paper, we investigate curvature-adapted and proper complex equifocal submanifolds in a symmetric space of non-compact type. The class of these submanifolds contains principal orbits of Hermann type actions as homogeneous examples and is included by that of curvature-adapted and isoparametric submanifolds with flat section. First we introduce the notion of a focal point of non-Euclidean type on the ideal boundary for a submanifold in a Hadamard manifold and give the equivalent condition for a curvature-adapted and complex equifocal submanifold to be proper complex equifocal in terms of this notion. Next we show that the complex Coxeter group associated with a curvature-adapted and proper complex equifocal submanifold is the same type group as one associated with a principal orbit of a Hermann type action and evaluate from above the number of distinct principal curvatures of the submanifold.