• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.86-91
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• 1984

A ginseng preparation (GP) consisting of ginseng ex., lycium fructus ex., four kinds of vitamines and caffein was evaluated for acute toxicity and general pharmacology. Average lethal doses $(LD_{50})$ of GP in male mice were 2,988mg/kg (i.p.) and more than 3g/kg (p.o.). In dosage of 300 and 900mg/kg (p.o.) showed no analgesic activity in both tests of the writhing method induced by acetic acid and of tail pressure method and no effect on the pentetrazole-induced convulsion. However, it appeared to have a hypothermic action only in dose of 900mg/kg. The duration of hypnosis induced by hexobarbital sodium in mice was shortened by GP, being probably due to caffein. GP Produced no marked contraction of isolated ileum and uterus in high concentrations of up to $1{\pm}10^{-3}g/ml$. These results suggested that GP did not show any considerable central nervous depressant activity and exhibited very weak actue toxicity in mice.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.21-27
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• 2022

Objectives : Single oral dose toxicity test of Lythri Herba water extracts (LHWE) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat was performed to determine approximate lethal dose (ALD) of LHWE. Methods : This test was progressed according to OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals : acute oral toxicity. After adaptation of 7 days, SD rats were divided into 2 groups : vehicle control and 5000 mg/kg LHWE-treated group. Each group consisted of 5 female rats and 5 male rats. Vehicle or 5000 mg/kg LHWE was orally administrated once a day. Survival rates, general toxicity, and changes of body weight were investigated for 14 days after administration. On the last day of examination, the weight of all animals was measured and an autopsy was performed. All internal organ abnormalities were checked macroscopically and their findings were recorded. Results : In both groups, dead animals were not observed. During 14 days of administration, abnormal clinical signs were not detected. There was also no significant difference in weight gains between each group. Autopsy analysis showed that one case of the LHWE-treated female group had retention of clear fluid in the uterus; however, it was not considered to be affected by LHWE administration. Moreover, abnormal findings were not discovered in the control male group and the LHWE-treated male group. Conclusions : These results suggest that the ALD of LHWE exceed 5000 mg/kg and single oral administration of LHWE below 5000 mg/kg is nontoxic.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the acute toxicity of Pyungwi-san(Pingwei-san in Chinese) in ICR mice, according to KFDA and OECD guideline. Methods: In the present study, 15 male and female ICR mice administrated singly by gavage at dose levels of 0 and 2000 mg/kg of Pyungwi-san. During the experimental period, no treatment-related death was observed. There were no adverse effects on clinical signs, body weight, and gross findings at all treatment groups. Results: These results showed that the single oral adminstration of Pyungwi-san (Pingwei-san) did not cause any toxic effect at the dose levels of 2000 mg/kg in rats. Conclusions: Taken together, the median lethal dose($LD_{50}$) of Pyungwi-san (Pingwei-san) was considered to be over 2000 mg/kg body for both sexes.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.131-143
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• 2010

We performed the tests of acute and subchronic inhalation toxicity of methyl formate, which has limited toxicological data in spite of its widespread use and enhanced hazard consequent on its high volatility. The median lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) was evaluated to be above 5,000ppm(12.27 mg/L). In the test with subchronic inhalation, there are no deaths, but with reduction of body weight, food intake, organ weight by exposure to 400 (0.98 mg/L) and 1,600 (3.92 mg/L) ppm, dose-dependently. There were statistical differences in some hematological and blood biochemical parameters as compared to control (e.g. neutrophile and lymphocyte in the 1,600 ppm group, calcium and A/G in 1,600 ppm group). Methyl formate under the exposure of 1,600 ppm showed the respiratory findings with nasal, it was confirmed that the chemical has respiratory hazard with 1,600 ppm inhalation exposure, induces nasal epithelial atrophy, olfactory cell degeneration/regeneration and the contraction of olfactory cells, etc. According to the notification with Ministry of Labor (No. 2009-68) for classification, labeling and MSDS of chemicals, it is suggested for methyl formate to be classified as category 4 in acute (10.0$4\leq20.0$ mg/L), category 2 (0.2$\leq$1.0 mg/L/6h, 90 days) in specific target organ-repeated exposure.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1383-1394
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• 2011

Environmental impacts of suspended solids (SS) released in coastal area by dredging, reclamation and construction can cause serious damages to coastal habitats and benthic organisms. Acute toxicity tests (4-7 days) were conducted to identify the relationship between SS concentration and mortality of three marine benthic species; benthic copepod (Tigriopus japonicus) adult, Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) spat, and olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) fry. Benthic copepod was the most sensitive to SS followed by olive flounder fry and Pacific abalone spat, with an $LC_{50}$ (lethal concentration of 50% mortality) value of 61.0 mg/L and LOEC (lowest observed effective concentration) value of 31.3 mg/L for benthic copepod. LOEC and 7 day-$LC_{50}$ for Pacific abalone spat were 500.0 mg/L and 1887.7 mg/L, and those for olive flounder fry were 125.0 mg/L and 156.9 mg/L, respectively. The tolerance limits of the test species to SS revealed the various concentration ranges of SS, which reflects the physiology and ecology of the test species. These results are very valuable for the determination of SS concentration of effluents released into the coastal area by dredging, reclamation and construction etc. Also, sharp increase of SS can cause long-term damages to the benthic and sessile fauna by blanketing of benthic substratum. These experimental procedures for marine bioassay and acute toxicity results can be a useful guideline for practical management planning of SS discharge into coastal area.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.28-33
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• 2014

Background: Samul-tang (Si-Wu-Tang, SMT) is a traditional herbal formula, which has been widely used to treat various diseases such as menstrual irregularity, bleeding and leucorrhea. Although many studies have investigated the pharmacological properties of SMT, its toxicity information has not yet been fully elucidated. Methods: Five Sprague Dawley (SD) rats of each sex were given a single dose (5000 mg/kg) of SMT by gavage; control rats received the vehicle only. After the single administration, mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings were monitored for 15 days in accordance with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) principles. Results: In a single oral dose toxicity study, there was no adverse effect on mortality, clinical sign, body weight change or gross finding in any treatment group. Conclusions: The results indicate that SMT did not induce toxic effects at a dose level up to 5000 mg/kg in rats and its median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) was considered to be over 5000 mg/kg/day body weight for both genders.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.23 no.2 s.58
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• pp.98-105
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• 2005

The relative sensitivity of two freshwater non- biting midges, Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette and C. riparius Meigan, was examined for lead, cadmium, and mercury in water- only exposures. Two endpoints were compared to assess toxicity 48 h and 96 h after exposure: Acute toxicity ($50\%$ lethal concentration: $LC_50$) and behavioral toxicity ($50\%$ effective concentration: $EC_{50}$). for the behavioral toxicity, reduction of swimming performance of two midge species in the treated conditions was compared to that in the untreated control. The sensitivities differed depending on the species and heavy metals, although some trends emerged. $LC_50$ values in C. yoshimatsui to cadmium and lead were always higher than those in C. riparius with increasing toxicity, regardless of the exposure times. The opposit was true for the mercury treatment. Similar trends were observed in the $EC_{50}$ values. The $EC_{50}$ values were always lower than the $LC_50$ values in all the treatment cases (midge species, heavy metals, and exposure times). These results indicate that the two midge species respond to the heavy metals differently: C. riparius is sensive to cadmium and lead and C. yoshimatsui to mercury. Behavioral toxicity such as swimming performance can be an effective endpoint for assessing heavy metal toxicity in water.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.4 s.84
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• pp.561-567
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• 2007

The present study was carried out to investigate the acute toxicity of Leuconostoc kimchii GJ2(Leu. kimchii GJ2), an exopolysaccharide-producing lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi, in ICR male and female mice. The test article was intraperitoneally or orally administered to both sexes of mice. Then followed a 14-day period of observation. In intraperitoneal acute toxicity test, mice were injected intraperitoneally with dosage of 0, 700, 900, 1,100, 1,300, 1,500, 1,700, 1,900, 2,100, 2,300 and 2,500 mg/kg. Intraperitoneal 50% lethal doses($LD_{50}$) of Leu. kimchii GJ2 was >2,500 mg/kg in male and female mice. In oral acute toxicity test, male and female mice were gavaged with Leu. kimchii GJ2 of five doses(0, 625, 1,500, 2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg). Oral $LD_{50}$ of Leu. kimchii GJ2 was consider to be higher than 5,000 mg/kg. Furthermore, no significant changes in general conditions, body weights, clinical signs and any gross lesions were observed in both sexes of mice administered intraperitoneally or orally with Leu. kimchii GJ2. In conclusion, our results suggest that no adverse effect level of Leu. kimchii GJ2 is estimated to be over 2,500 mg/kg in the intraperitoneal route and 5,000 mg/kg in the oral route, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.315-321
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• 2012

The $in$ $vivo$ single-dose acute toxicity of $Lactobacillus$ $plantarum$ AF1, a lactic acid bacterium isolated from kimchi, in ICR male and female mice was investigated. The test article was intraperitoneally or orally administered once to both sexes of mice. The motalites, clinical findings, autopsy findings, and body weight changes were monitored daily for 14 days. In the oral acute toxicity test, the male and female mice were gavaged with four doses (5.0, 2.5, 1.25 and 0.625 g/kg) of $Lb.$ $plantarum$ AF1. The oral $LD_{50}$ of the $Lb.$ $plantarum$ AF1 was considered higher than 5.0 g/kg. In the intraperitoneal acute toxicity test, mice were injected intraperitoneally with dosages of 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3 and 2.5 g/kg. The intraperitoneal 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of the $Lb.$ $plantarum$ AF1 was >2.5 g/kg in the male and female mice. No significant changes in the general conditions, body weights, clinical signs, and gross lesions were observed in both sexes of mice to which $Lb.$ $plantarum$ AF1 was administered intraperitoneally or orally. The results suggest that the no-adverse-effect level of $Lb.$ $plantarum$ AF1 is estimated to be more than 5.0 g/kg in the oral route and 2.5 g/kg in the intraperitoneal route.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2005.12a
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• pp.124-126
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• 2005

Aquatic ecotoxicity of bisphenol A, a well known endocrine disrupter in mammals, was studied using lab. reared Daphnia magna as a test organism. The static acute 48h $LC_{50}$ of bisphenol A was 12.9mg/L and 110-hr $LC_{50}$ values of bisphenol A for daphnid embryos of different ages after deposition into the brood chamber increase with ages in the range of 1.55mg/L-8.91mg/L. Bisphenol A showed the ability to inhibit embryonic development. The lethal response and developmental inhibition all showed good concentration-response relationship.