• 한국보건간호학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.39-56
• /
• 2006

Objectives: To investigate the drinking and smoking habits among the community residents of a city. Methods: We surveyed 1.973 adults from October 1, 2005 to November 16, 2005. The data collected on alcohol drinking habits involved frequency, age of initiation, amount of alcohol consumed, number of attempts to reduce consumption and reasons for reducing it. The data collected on smoking habits involved amount, age of initiation, duration, situations, and the number of attempts to quit smoking. These were analyzed with frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, $x^2$-test, t-test and ANOVA. Results: The rate of drinking was 67.4%; 83.1% among males, and 52.5%among females. Among all drinkers, the largest group (29.8%) drank once or twice a week. The mean age of initiation was 21.2 years; 19.9 among males, and 22.8 among females. The average consumed amount was 5.8 glasses; males consumed 7.4 glasses, and females 3.3 glasses. The consumption was the highest among those in fifties. The rate of attempts to reduce drinking was 33.4%, mainly for health reasons. The rate of smoking was 38.0%; 72.4% among males, and 5.5% among females. Among all smokers, the largest group (44.1%) smoked between 11 and 20 cigarettes per day. The mean of the age of initiation was 20.7 years; 20.3 among males, 25.6 among females. The mean smoking duration was 20.9 years; 21.3 years among males, and 16.2 years among females. The main reason for the initial attempt was curiosity. The most common situation for smoking was after dinner. The rate of attempts to quit smoking was 77.1%, mainly out of concern for one's health. Alcohol consumption among smokers was higher than among any other group of nonsmokers. Also, the age of drinking initiation among smokers was lower than among any other group of nonsmokers. Conclusion: This study highlighted the actual data on drinking and smoking habits among community residents. The study can be utilized for creating programs aiming at reducing the consumption of alcohol and tobacco or stopping it altogether. Therefore, it is now possible to assess the indicators for interventions in each population group. Finally, the groups of heavy drinkers and smokers are expected to be given priority for intervention program.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.197-205
• /
• 2002

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an important public health problem throughout the world. Many important questions remain to be addressed in assessing exposure to these compounds. Because they are ubiquitous and highly volatile, special techniques must be applied in the analytical determination of VOCs. Personal exposure measurements are needed to evaluate the relationship between microenvironmental concentrations and actual exposures. It is also important to investigate exposure frequency, duration, and intensity, as well as personal exposure characteristics. In addition to air monitoring, biological monitoring may contribute significantly to risk assessment by allowing estimation of absorbed doses, rather than just the external exposure concentrations, which are evaluated by environmental and personal monitoring. This study was conducted to establish the analytic procedure of VOCs in air, blood, urine and exhaled breath and to evaluate the relationships among these environmental media. The subjects of this study were selected because they are occupationally exposed to high levels of VOCs. Environmental, personal, blood, urine and exhalation samples were collected. Purge ＆ trap, thermal desorber, gas chromatography and mass selective detector were used to analyze the collected samples. Analytical procedures were validated with the“break through test”, 'quot;recovery test for storage and transportation”,“method detection limit test”and“inter-laboratory QA/QC study”. Assessment of halogenated compounds indicted that they were significantly correlated to each other (p value < 0.01). In a similar manner, aromatic compounds were also correlated, except in urine sample. Linear regression was used to evaluate the relationships between personal exposures and environmental concentrations. These relationships for aromatic and halogenated are as follows: Halogen $s_{personal}$ = 3.875+0.068Halogen $s_{environmet}$, ($R^2$= .930) Aromatic $s_{personal}$ = 34217.757-31.266Aromatic $s_{environmet}$, ($R^2$= .821) Multiple regression was used to evaluate the relationship between exposures and various exposure deter-minants including, gender, duration of employment, and smoking history. The results of the regression model-ins for halogens in blood and aromatics in urine are as follows: Halogen $s_{blood}$ = 8.181+0.246Halogen $s_{personal}$+3.975Gender ($R^2$= .925), Aromatic $s_{urine}$ = 249.565+0.135Aromatic $s_{personal}$ -5.651 D.S ($R^2$ = .735), In conclusion, we have established analytic procedures for VOC measurement in biological and environmental samples and have presented data demonstrating relationships between VOCs levels in biological media and environmental samples. Abbreviation GC/MS, Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer; VOCs, Volatile Organic Compounds; OVM, Organic Vapor Monitor; TO, Toxic Organicsapor Monitor; TO, Toxic Organics.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제51권10호
• /
• pp.875-886
• /
• 2018

본 연구에서는 표준강수지수를 이용하여 가뭄사상을 정의하고, 가뭄심도와 부족 강수량을 대상으로 이변량 가뭄빈도해석을 수행하였다. 부족강수량은 표준강수지수의 가뭄기준인 -1에 해당하는 강수량을 기준으로 산정하였다. 지금까지 연구에서 가뭄지수의 심도와 지속기간 이용한 빈도해석을 통한 가뭄의 평가가 주를 이루었다. 하지만 이 두 변량은 선형적인 관계가 매우 높아 각 변량에 대한 단변량 빈도해석과 비교하여 정보의 확장성은 크지 않다. 2015년 가뭄의 경우, 서울, 양평, 충주지점의 '가뭄심도-부족 강수량'량의 재현기간은 모두 300년 이상의 극심한 가뭄을 나타내고 있지만, '가뭄심도-지속기간'에서는 재현기간을 약 10년, 50년, 50년으로 평가하여 큰 차이를 나타냈다. 우기를 포함한 가뭄은 강수량 부족이 심각할지라도 가뭄심도는 가뭄을 상대적으로 낮게 평가할 수 있어 실제 가뭄의 심각성을 나타내는데 한계가 있었다. '가뭄심도-부족 강수량' 빈도해석 결과는 강수량의 절대적인 부족량 정보를 함께 포함하고 있어, 가뭄에 대응하기 위한 지표로 활용성이 높을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.436-448
• /
• 2000

Objectives : To identify the factors affecting users' satisfaction with the Order Communicating System(OCS) and to highlight the factors important for the successful establishment of OCS. Methods : A Users Satisfaction survey was sent to 4,513 people, consisting of 1,503 doctors, 2,379 nurses, 255 pharmacists and 370 administrative workers in 16 hospitals which had introduced OCS. The response rate was 63.9%. Measurement of users' satisfaction was peformed with the instrument which was used in Doll's study. Some aspects of Doll's instrument were adjusted according to the aims of this study. The classifying sections of this survey included age, job and status classification, computer experience, OCS education, duration of daily OCS use, type of order entering, number of personnel in the Hospital Information System's department, cost of OCS, problem frequency, proportion of work managed by hand, OCS type, and Hospital establishment type. Results : There was a positive correlation between satisfaction level and managerial status throughout all job classifications. Irrespective of the importance of OCS education as a factor relating to users' satisfaction, the additional work load caused by OCS lowered users' satisfaction. Different factors affected users' satisfaction according to job and status classification. The composition of factors affecting the pharmacist and administrative worker satisfaction levels was simpler than that of the doctor and nurse levels. There were no statistically significant differences between the actual computer experience duration of daily OCS use and users' satisfaction with OCS. Conclusions : There was an understandable relationship between users' attitude to OCS and factors affecting users' satisfaction. The results of this study could be used as a basis for the successful expansion of the operation of OCS. But more detailed studies on users' satisfaction and further improvements of methodologies are required for the successful establishment of OCS.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제52권4호
• /
• pp.245-253
• /
• 2019

본 연구에서는 한강유역 산지소하천 미세소유역별 돌발홍수 재현기간을 산정하고, 돌발홍수 실사례를 활용하여 적합성을 평가하였다. 이를 위해 1시간 지속기간의 한계유출량과 SURR 모형으로 모의한 토양포화미흡량으로부터 돌발홍수능을 산정하였다. 이후 돌발홍수능을 초과한 과거 집중호우 사상(2002~2010년)의 강우량과 재현기간별 유역평균확률강우량을 비교하여 미세소유역별 돌발홍수 재현기간을 산정하였다. 또한, 돌발홍수 실사례(2011~2016년) 강수량으로부터 추정된 재현기간을 활용하여 적합성을 평가하였다. 돌발홍수 재현기간 산정결과 평균은 1.6년, 표준편차는 1.1로 산정되었으며, 1.1~19.9년 범위로 나타났다. 적합성 평가결과 돌발홍수 사례별 추정된 재현기간의 83%가 돌발홍수 재현기간 범위 이내로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 산정한 돌발홍수 재현기간의 적합성은 높은 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제39권6호
• /
• pp.735-742
• /
• 2019

가뭄은 영향을 받는 인자에 따라 체감정도가 달라지는 사회적 현상으로 기후학적 가뭄, 기상학적 가뭄, 농업적 가뭄, 수문학적 가뭄 등 다양한 상대적 개념으로 정의되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 다양하게 정의되는 가뭄 중에서 기상학적 가뭄을 나타내는 지수에 대한 비교 분석을 실시하고자 하였으며, 실제 과거 가뭄사례와 기상학적 가뭄지수 분석결과의 비교를 통하여 가뭄지수의 적용성을 검토하고자 하였다. 가뭄지수의 비교를 위하여 기상학적 가뭄을 판단하기 위해 일반적으로 가장 많이 사용되는 SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index)와 일반적으로 사용되지는 않지만 강수량만을 이용하여 가뭄분석이 가능한 CZI (China-Z Index), MCZI (Modified CZI), ZSI (Z-Score Index) 지수를 이용하였다. 대상지역으로는 최근까지도 가뭄이 발생하였던 태백과 속초지역을 대상으로 선정하였으며 1986년부터 2015년 기상 자료를 이용하여 지속시간 3개월로 가뭄지수 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과 SPI 가뭄지수가 과거 제한급수발생 가뭄사례에 대하여 높은 재현성을 나타내는 것으로 분석되었으며 CZI와 MCZI 가뭄지수의 경우 Extreme Dry 발생 횟수는 과거사례와 유사하나 실제 가뭄이 발생했던 년도에 대해서는 낮은 재현성이 나타났다. ZSI 가뭄지수의 경우 발생횟수, 과거사례와의 비교 모두 재현성이 떨어지는 것으로 분석되었다. 가뭄지수의 비교결과 강수량을 이용한 기상학적 가뭄지수의 경우 과거 가뭄사례와 가장 높은 재현성을 보이는 SPI 가뭄지수를 이용하는 것이 효과적일 것으로 판단된다.

• 에너지공학
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.435-443
• /
• 2012

세계는 원유재고 감소와 국제 정세의 불안정으로 인해 지속적으로 상승하고 있는 유가와 화석연료 사용으로 인한 환경오염에 관심이 고조되고 있다. 국내의 경우 원유를 100% 수입하고 있으며, 사용되고 있는 에너지의 에너지원 중 97%를 수입에 의존하고 있기 때문에 유가 상승에 따른 영향은 더욱 민감하게 나타난다. 국내에 수입되고 유통되는 에너지의 97% 중 1/3 이상이 사무소나 주거용 난방, 급탕 및 취사용으로 사용되고 있다. 이에 따라 정부는 물론 산업체, 연구소 등에서 사무소 및 주거용 에너지 소비패턴으로 인한 경제적인 부담을 줄이고, 고효율 저에너지 기술개발을 통해 소비에너지를 절약함과 동시에 탄소배출을 억제하는 신기술에 대한 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 우리나라는 국토가 좁은 반면 인구밀도가 높고, 인구의 도시집중화로 공동주택의 주거비율이 높은 추세이기 때문에 최근 공동주택단지는 초고층화, 대형화가 되고 있으며, 이로 인해 급수 급탕에 대한 사용패턴도 변화하고 있다. 하지만 현재 급수 급탕에 대한 설계 자료는 대부분 외국의 설계 기준과 현장 경험치에 의해 산출된 데이터에 의존하고 있으며, 사용실태에 대한 기초자료가 부족한 실정이며, 이로 인해 급수 급탕 설비 설계 시 과대 또는 과소 설계가 되는 문제가 발생하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 공동주택의 공급자 측 급탕 열 공급환경과 사용자측 열사용량을 측정하여, 급탕부하가 발생하는 시간과 사용 실태 및 패턴을 파악함으로써, 효율적인 공급자 측 급탕설비 설계와 관리를 위한 기초자료를 제시하고자 한다.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제13권11호
• /
• pp.123-130
• /
• 2015

Purpose - Due to highly elevated levels of competition, many companies today have to face the problem of decreasing profits even when their actual sales volume is increasing. This is a common phenomenon that is seen occurring among companies that focus heavily on quantitative growth rather than qualitative growth. These two aspects of growth should be well balanced for a company to create a sustainable business model. For supply chain management (SCM) planners, the optimized, quantified flow of resources used to be of major interest for decades. However, this trend is rapidly changing so that managers can put the appropriate balance between sales volume and sales quality, which can be evaluated from the profit margin. Profit optimization is a methodology for companies to use to achieve solutions focused more on profitability than sales volume. In this study, we attempt to provide executional insight for companies considering implementation of the profit optimization system to enhance their business profitability. Research design, data, and methodology - In this study, we present a comprehensive explanation of the subject of profit optimization, including the fundamental concepts, the most common profit optimization logic algorithm -linear programming -the business functional scope of the profit optimization system, major key success factors for implementing the profit optimization system at a business organization, and weekly level detailed business processes to actively manage effective system performance in achieving the goals of the system. Additionally, for the purpose of providing more realistic and practical information, we carefully investigate a profit optimization system implementation case study project fulfilled for company S. The project duration was about eight months, with four full-time system development consultants deployed for the period. To guarantee the project's success, the organization adopted a proven system implementation methodology, supply chain management (SCM) six-sigma. SCM six-sigma was originally developed by a group of talented consultants within Samsung SDS through focused efforts and investment in synthesizing SCM and six-sigma to improve and innovate their SCM operations across the entire Samsung Organization. Results - Profit optimization can enable a company to create sales and production plans focused on more profitable products and customers, resulting in sustainable growth. In this study, we explain the concept of profit optimization and prerequisites for successful implementation of the system. Furthermore, the efficient way of system security administration, one of the hottest topics today, is also addressed. Conclusion - This case study can benefit numerous companies that are eagerly searching for ways to break-through current profitability levels. We cannot guarantee that the decision to deploy the profit optimization system will bring success, but we can guarantee that with the help of our study, companies trying to implement profit optimization systems can minimize various possible risks across various system implementation phases. The actual system implementation case of the profit optimization project at company S introduced here can provide valuable lessons for both business organizations and research communities.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.295-304
• /
• 2010

Actual evapotranspiration (AET) in the Suyeong-gu was estimated and correlations between AET and meteorological factors were analyzed. The study area was Suyeong-gu lay at the east longitude $129^{\circ}$ 05' 40" ~ 129$^{\circ}$ 08' 08" and north latitude $35^{\circ}$ 07' 59" ~ $35^{\circ}$ 11' 01". The Kumryun mountain, the Bae mountain, the Suyeong river and the Suyeong bay are located on west, north, northeaster and south side in the study area, respectively. AET was estimated using precipitation (P), potential evapotranspiration (PET) and plant-available water coefficient. Meteorological factors to estimate PET were air temperature, dewpoint temperature, atmospheric pressure, duration of sunshine and mean wind speed (MWS). PET and AET were estimated by a method of Allen et al. (1998) and Zhang et al. (2001), respectively. PET was the highest value (564.45 mm/yr) in 2002 year, while it was the lowest value (449.95 mm/yr) in 2003 year. AET was estimated highest value (554.14 mm/yr) in 2002 year and lowest value (427.91 mm/yr) in 2003 year. Variations of PET and AET were similar. The linear regression function of AET as PET using monthly data was AET=0.87$\times$PET+3.52 and coefficient of determination was high, 0.75. In order to analyze relationship between the evapotranspiration and meteorological factors, correlation analysis using monthly data were accomplished. Correlation coefficient of AET-PET was 0.96 high, but they of AET-P and PET-P were very low. Correlation coefficients of AET-MWS and PET-MWS were 0.67 and 0.73, respectively. Thus, correlation between evapotranspiration and MWS was the highest among meteorological factors in Suyong-gu. This means that meteorological factor to powerfully effect for the variation of evapotranspiration was MWS. The linear regression function of AET as MWS was AET=84.73$\times$MWS+223.05 and coefficient of determination was 0.54. The linear regression function of PET as MWS was PET=83.83$\times$MWS+203.62 and coefficient of determination was 0.45.

• 한국치위생학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.135-143
• /
• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study on the oral health behavior of foreign workers and dental care in the community is to identify actual oral health conditions of immigrated labors, to promote their oral health and to gather basic data providing them with proper oral health services Methods : Based on previous studies, The researchers wrote their own surveys in English, in Vietnamnese, in Tagalogue, in Thai. Making questions on the paper to 114 foreign workers in Pocheon, Gyeonggi-do were surveyed. Using the program SPSS 17.0 for Windows, the collected data were analyzed. The frequency analysis, the chi-square analysis and the correlation analysis was performed to recognize their relevance between the oral health status and the actual oral care and the subjective perception of oral health. Results : General characteristics of the foreign workers is the overwhelming majority of male demographic 78.9%. By age, 20-29 years of age accounted for 50%, and duration of stay in the city is less than 3-5 years to 68.4%, It was most common. The percentage going to the dentist when teeth hurt is although 56 percent. But the ratio to endure the pain without going to the dentist, was 44%. The main reason to not go to the dentist was the time 55.2% and cost 11.9%. A mere 9.6% of respondents knew about the free dental care and used. 67.5% of them was not aware of the free dental care agency, 59.6% were keen to use the free care. However, 40.4% did not want a free dental care because they did not have the time(26.3%), the distance is far away(3.5%), and difficulties in communication(3.5%) and the other(66.7%). Conclusions : The major percentage of the other reason(66.7%) why they did not want to go to free dental service, must be specifically identified. For the activation of free dental services, the active support of central and local governments is needed. By focusing on health-related departments of the University in the community, it is necessary to operate the program of the oral health care for foreign workers.