• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.326-339
• /
• 2019

Objectives: Minamata disease was an environmental health disaster of worldwide notoriety that occurred in Japan. The acknowledged patients total roughly 3,000, and the relieved victims currently include 77,099 cases. Still, many cases await acknowledgment or relief. The humidifier disinfectant issue is an environmental health catastrophe that took place in Korea. Over 9.98 million products spanning 43 brands of humidifier disinfectant have been sold and 835, cases have been recognized to date as relevant victims by the government. So far, 2,144 cases have been relieved by the fund of the producing companies. Four million consumers and 560,000 victims are estimated. Finding hints as to how to develop solutions in terms of fact-finding and prevention are the objectives of this study. Methods: Fields visits, interviews, and workshops as well as reference reviews have been conducted. A comparison was attempted to show the similarities and differences between the two disasters on 38 items. Results: Apparent similarities in the two disasters are the failure of industrial safety measures and governmental safety systems as well as relief systems for the victims. No comprehensive investigation was performed for all of the affected areas in Japan and all of the consumers in Korea. Both governments have tried to hide the faults and responsibilities of the companies and minimize the scale of the victims. Only after the government was changed through a general election did the new governments apologize and attempt to find political and social solutions through special relief laws. Conclusions: Over the process of each event, in the beginning, debates took place regarding the cause and the heath damages involved. For both, medical and toxicological relations are the keys while afterward finding a social solution became the subsequent issue.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.43-47
• /
• 2023

Objective: To present a case study of a 69-year-old woman with COVID-19 who developed neurological complications due to Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) therapy and highlight the importance of daily neurological examinations and rehabilitation in the early detection and management of ECMO-related neurological complications in an isolation ICU. Design: A case report Methods: The patient received ECMO therapy, followed by neurological monitoring and rehabilitation in an isolation ICU. Daily neurological examinations were conducted to monitor the patient's neurological symptoms. Computed tomography was performed to confirm the presence of a hematoma in the left hamstring, which was identified as the cause of the neurological complication. Ultrasound-guided aspiration was immediately performed, and sciatic neuropathy predominantly involving the peroneal division was identified after aspiration. Results: Successful recovery was made possible by the early detection of neurological complications and rehabilitation in an isolation ICU. Although electrodiagnostic tests were not performed due to limited access to the isolation ICU, the appropriate intervention time could be determined through daily neurological examinations and rehabilitation, thereby minimizing neurological sequelae. Conclusions: ECMO-related neurological complications are well known, and their recognition in the ICU can be challenging. The presented case highlights the importance of daily neurological examinations and rehabilitation in the early detection and management of ECMO-related neurological complications in an isolation ICU, which can minimize neurological sequelae.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.181-188
• /
• 2023

Academic interest in the educational value of picturebooks for children and the narrative importance of peritexts have been increased. This study was conducted with the purpose of presenting the components for analyzing the picturebook peritext. To this end, the components of the peritext used in 11 previous studies that analyzed the peritext of picturebooks were comprehensively reviewed. Looking at the results of the study, the components used in previous studies were largely categorized into four categories, and according to the characteristics of the components within each category, they were classified into 'basic information', 'physical elements', 'positional elements', and 'content elements.' The first category, 'basic information,' includes the title, authors' name, publication information, award information, and dedication/acknowledgment, laudatory comment. The second category, 'physical elements,' includes the format, book binding, and quality of material. The third category, 'positional elements,' includes cover(front cover, back cover, spine), endpaper, title page, copyright page, dust jacket and belly band. The fourth category, 'content elements,' includes text, illustration, typography, layout and page shape. Through the results of this study, it is expected that research on the analysis and utilization of various picturebooks will be activated.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.115-124
• /
• 2014

This study has carried out scanning tests in order to figure out the features of scanning search by sex of space users, with the result of which the validity of data has been estimated. In this research, the scanning patterns were set up for verifying the typology of scanning paths and then the reason for determining scanning paths and the validity of estimation method were reviewed. Since the observation features depends on sex, the analysis of visual activities for acquiring any information in a space will reveal the intention and purpose of space users. The findings by analyzing the features of scanning pattern by sex which were found at the determination of scanning patterns can be defined as the followings. First, for estimating the process of space-information search, the movement distance at each point of continuative-observation data from the angle of eye-movement has been extracted, on the ground of which the fixation and movement of eye have been defined for the establishment of scanning-cut characteristics. Second, the scanning times were estimated for the extraction of effective observation data that would be used for comparative analysis, which showed that men had more data (3,398.2/64.4%) than women (2,998.2/55.6%). This enables the acknowledgment that the scanning cut of men was relatively less, which indicates that men will acquire more information on space than women in the process of observing any space. Third, men's scanning times (58.0 times/2.02 seconds) were less than those of women (71.9 times/1.39 seconds) while the scanning time of the former was longer than that of the latter, which shows the feature that it takes longer for men than women in scanning while the scanning times of the former is less than those of the latter. Fourth, the observation features can be determined that the combination of this result with the predominance character by sex for a general viewpoint to be employed indicates that while men employ mixed-scanning for observation activities to acquire space-information spending for longer time, women, by concentrated-scanning, focus on a single point for shorter time or stay at one location for a considerably long time for space-information acquirement.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.369-379
• /
• 1998

Despite acknowledgment that pain is likely to be a major problem for many older adults, it is difficult to estimate the frequency of pain problems for this population. The main purpose of this study was to identify the various characteristics of chronic pain in the elderly by gender. It examines by gender, pain frequency, pain intensity, number of chronic pain sites, localization of pain, impact on activities, methods of pain management, and effects of chronic pain management. The subjects were 189 elderly people(65 years and older) living in an urban area. They were surveyed at their homes. They were surveyed by interview using a closed-ended questionnaire. The survey was done from Nov. 6th. to Dec. 6th. 1997. Descriptive statistics were used to determine all of the reported pain variables. Chi-square tests were used to determine crude differences between pain intensity and gender. T-test was used to determine differences in number of pain sites between men and women. The findings are as follows ; Of the 189 subjects, 83.6% reported experiencing pain, and men reported a lower prevalence (69.5%) than women(89.2%). Women had significantly more severe pain than did men(p=.001). Lower back pain(20.2%) and leg pain(20.2%) were the most prevalent, followed by knee pain(17.4%), arm pain(13.3%), neck and shoulder pain(11.6%), and headache(9.9%). Women experienced more multiple localizations of pain(p=.0001), the greatest impact was on movement (83.5%) , followed by usual activities(60.8%), sleep(49.4%), visiting(29.1%), and hobbies and recreations(50.0%). No differences were observed between men and women in the proportion of subjects reporting a negative impact on each of these activities. The methods of pain management were hospital visit(70.9%), drug store medication(46.7%), oriental medicine clinic(32.9%), endurance(13.3%), self-management(6.3%). Drug therapy was the most effective pain management strategy(94%), followed by physical therapy(63%) and accupuncture.byssocausis(55%). The conclusion : Pain is a symptom of great clinical importance that is often associated with disability, loss of independence, and reduced quality of life. In this study chronic pain symptoms were common but unevenly distributed in men and women. The results further advance understanding of the experience and impact of pain by gender. Future studies should incorporate questions that gather systemic and more detailed information on the characteristics of pain, especially by gender and by age.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.211-237
• /
• 2015

The purpose of this study was to explore early childhood pre-service teachers' belief in homosexuality. This study applied the Q-method to investigate teachers'subjective awareness of homosexuality. Using an open questionnaire, we asked participants to describe how they think about homosexuality. Forty-five pre-service teachers were Q-sampled. Using the QUANL program, 45 statements were classified into 9 levels. Results revealed that image types of early childhood pre-service teachers can be classified into four distinguished categories: 1) type of respect: to regard gays and lesbians as normal people who love the same sex, 2) type of acknowledgment: to regard them as very unique people who attract people's attention, 3) type of relation-denying: to regard them as someone who were born totally differently, and 4) type of extremely denying-to regard them not being respected and disgusting. Most of the teachers seemed to have a tendency to acknowledge and respect individuals'sexual orientation. However, some pre-service teachers still have a negative attitude toward homosexuality. The significance of this study is to reveal the silenced issue, that is, sexual orientation in the field of early childhood multicultural education. Teachers can have a strong effect on young children's belief about sexual identity and sexual orientation. It would be important to look back on educators'perspective on homosexuality before suggesting the direction of multicultural education of young children related to the issue of sexual orientation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.533-540
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception, practice status and perceived oral health awareness of oral hygiene products in high school students and to utilize it as basic data for the development of programs that can use the correct oral hygiene products. The results of the self -filling questionnaire survey of 260 high school students in K area were as follows. (P <0.05), which showed a positive correlation with subjective oral health perception (p <0.05). his implies the need for education of oral hygiene products for proper practice in using oral hygiene products. The use of oral hygiene products was the highest in 1/3, but in practice, the total use was highest.It is thought that oral health education program that can affect not only the oral health education but also the practice is needed. For the students who have difficulty in accessing medical institutions due to their studies, the way to acquire oral health education is more important than the development of public health education programs and the implementation of oral health education.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.81-91
• /
• 1995

Modern geography in France since the end of 19th century was begun with regional geography. France after losing the Franco-Prussian war in 1871 had tried to regain the deteriorated national proudness through the colonial expansion. The social and historical contexts in France had encouraged French geographers to engage in detailed small area studies. In particular, after Blache became a faculty at Sorbonne University his idea on integrative rather than selective description on area studies had gained paradigmatic popularity not only in geography but in other disciplines. The regional geography tradition was then firmly established as a science and as an art by Vidalian school until the beginning of Second World War. However, when industrialization and urbanization were the dominant science since the 1950s spatial analytic geography has become popular research tradition replacing the previledged regional geography. Nevertheless, geography in France is still acknowledged as an interesting and valuable discipline since regional geography tradition had accumulated rich knowledges on various regions. As regional geography provides valuable information and helps to understand various world regions, it should be regenerated as a research tradition which are able to fulfill societal needs accruing nowadays. By doing this, geography can rectify its disciplinary identity which has been disintegrated internally by giving too much emphasis on specialties, and melding into nearby disciplines. Our geography education for the chorography in particular focuses mainly on the listings of simple geographic facts, in this regard. Rather than attracting students' concern and motivation, geography is considered as a subject oriented toward simply memorizing geographic facts. To overcome these problems, regional geography should be discussed openly and popularized in research. Regional geographic methods available and results produced in other countries should be introduced, and critical assessments should be made for selective acknowledgment for nurturing our regional geography.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.139-145
• /
• 2016

Dumbbell is the most basic topology that can be used in almost all kind of network experiment within it or just by little expansion. While Transmission Control Protocol TCP is the basic protocol that is used for the connectivity among networks and stations. TCP major and basic goal is to provide path and services to different applications for communication. For that reason TCP has to transfer a lot of data through a communication medium that cause serious congestion problem. To calculate the congestion problem, different kind of pre-cure solutions are developer which are Loss Based Variant and Delay Based Variant. While LBV keep track of the data that is going to be passed through TCP protocol, if the data packets start dropping that means congestion occurrence which notify as a symptom, TCP CUBIC use LBV for notifying the loss. Similarly the DBV work with the acknowledgment procedure that is used in when data ACK get late with respect to its set data rate time, TCP COMPOUND/VAGAS are examples of DBV. Many algorithms have been purposed to control the congestion in different TCP variants but the loss of data packets did not completely controlled. In this paper, the congestion control algorithms are implemented and corresponding results are analyzed in Dumbbell topology, it is typically used to analyze the TCP traffic flows. Fairness of throughput is evaluated for different TCP variants using network simulator (NS-2).

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.31-50
• /
• 2009

The demarcation of Maritime Boundary is directly related to the expansion of jurisdiction and the securing of resources. Resource diplomacies of the three countries Korea, China and Japan represent a major task for the national administrations : to secure resources as well as to stablize and sustain resources for future national economies. At the sea area around Korea as well, countries are fiercely competing to secure resources and to expand jurisdiction. This is evidenced by the fact that various principles and logics which are beneficial to each own country are presented through international precedents, agreement between countries and the theories of the international law scholars. They say that the conclusion of demarcation of maritime boundary for the Yellow Sea would be easy from the point that there is no dispute related to island dominion in the waters of the Korean Peninsula especially the Yellow Sea, but still we need to have a strategic approach to this issue from the point that the factors used for claiming maritime boundaries may expand the waters of a country over much. For example, the continental shelf boundary in consideration of the distribution of sedimentary deposits in the Yellow Sea which is being raised by China began from the hypothesis that the inflow of sedimentary deposits to the Yellow Sea through the rivers of China represents absolute majority, but the results of the latest studies raised questions on the hypothesis. Especially, the studies done by Martin and Yang revealed that the inflow of sedimentary deposits to the Yellow Sea from the Yellow River is approximately less than 1% of total sedimentary deposits in the Yellow Sea, and also the result of analysis on the causes and counter policy measures on the environment of Bohai, China supports the reliability of the results of such studies. From a legal aspect, the sedimentary deposits of rivers which are claimed by China represent extremely weak ground for the claim for the title of the continental shelf. The siltline claimed by China seems to be based on the Article 76-4-(a)(i) of UNCLOS. This is, however, not the definition on the title of the continental shelf but it is only a technical formula to utilize in a case where a country desires to expand the continental shelf to over 200 nautical miles. Scientific and Technical Guidelines of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf also confirm this point through the Article 2.1.2 of the Guideline. The only case in which sedimentary deposits of rivers were referred to as concrete demarcation of maritime boundary was in the which was concluded in 1986 between India and Myanmar at the Andaman Sea. In the said case, India acknowledged the boundary up to the isobath of 200m which Myanmar claimed based on the sedimentary deposits of the Irrawaddy River. It has limits as a case for acknowledging the sedimentary deposits, however, because in fact India's acknowledgment was made in exchange for the condition that Myanmar gave up the dominion of two islands which they had been claiming from India up until that time.