• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 1980

CO-intoxication is a serious problem in public health since the coal briquette has been used as one of fuels from 1950's. It has been discussed that the treatment with acetic acid vapor may be effective for CO-intoxication. This study was undertaken to investigate the action of acetic acid therapy, comparing with the spontaneous air treatment The acetic acid vapor was introduced to the blood combined with CO (in vivo and in vitro). The dissociation of COHb, the production of COHb, the levels of Hb and adrenaline and nor-adrenaline were measured. The effect of acetic acid vapor on dissociation of COHb was about 7-9% more effective than the spontaneous air treatment. The acetic acid vapor treatment for the dissociation of COHb was similar effect to the spontaneous air treatment. In an experiment of the combining CO gas with blood, the acetic acid vapor treatment was less effective in the production of COHb than that of spontaneous air treatment. Treatment with the acetic acid vapor to rabbit intoxicated with CO gas induced a little amount of Hb in blood comparing with the spontaneous air treatment. But, it is not a significant increment statistically. By the acetic acid vapor treatment after CO gas intoxication the adrenaline was increased and noradrenaline was decreased. With these results, it is assumed that the effect of acetic acid therapy on CO-gas intoxication would be caused by inductions of Hb and adrenaline and to be reduction of nor-adrenaline.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.323-333
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• 1990

To study influence of carbonmonoxide (CO) poisoning on the content of amino acid neurotransmitter in brain, male rat was exposed to CO 5000 ppm for 30 minutes (60-75% HbCO). Aspartic acid and glutamic acid level in the cerebral cortex and aspartic acid level in the striatum were significantly decreased. GABA level in the cerebral cortex was significantly increased after the 30 and 60 minutes of CO intoxication. Taurine level in both the cerebral cortex and the striatum was increased although nonsignificant. Consequently, the CO-induced hypoxia brain showed lower level of excitatory neurotransmitter, aspartic acid and glutamic acid and higher level of inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA and taurine. These results suggest that the change in content of amino acid neurotransmitter in the rat brain may be concerned with several CO poisoning symptoms.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.61-64
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• 2006

Glufosinate ammonium (GLA), a phosphinic acid derivate of glutamate, is a broad-spectrum contact herbicide. It structurally resembles glutamate, a typical excitatory amino acid in the central nervous system. In korea, the ingestion of GLA for suicidal attempt or accidental event has increased. The neurological complication of GLA intoxication are characterized by loss of consciousness, convulsion, or memory impairment. But, the exact mechanism of GLA toxicity is yet unknown. This report is about a patient with GLA intoxication who showed anterograde amnesia with selective bilateral hip-pocampal lesions supported GLA intoxication with literature reviews supported.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.246-255
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• 2009

Objectives : The aims of this study are to estimate the prevalence of polydipsia and water intoxication and to identify risk factors of polydipsia and water intoxication in psychiatric inpatient. Methods : 1,108 Psychiatric inpatients at 2 mental hospitals in Yongin city were studied from September, 2008 to January, 2009. We diagnosed 'polydipsia' using staff reports(fluid intake>3L/day) or by specific gravity of urine(SPGU<1.008) and diagnosed 'at risk for water intoxication' using normalized diurnal weight gain (NDWG>4%). We attempted to identify clinical characteristics of patients by reviewing their medical records. Results : Two hundred forty seven patients(22.3%) were polydipsic. Sixty eight patients(6.1%) were at risk for water intoxication. The factors associated with polydipsia were lithium, smoking, younger age and increased smoking amounts. The factors associated with risk for water intoxication were valproic acid and polydipsia. Conclusion : Polydipsia and water intoxication in psychiatric inpatients are not rare conditions. Therefore, clinicians' attention should be paid to these conditions.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2003

Purpose: According as the accessibility about drugs becomes various, the occurrence of drug intoxication is increasing. Since report that doxylamine causes rhabdomyolysis often, drug-induced rhabdomyolysis is one of the most important complications in patients with drug intoxication. Acute renal failure (ARF)'s availability is important to the management in rhabdomyolysis, but report about rhabdomyolysis or ARF occurrence for whole intoxicated drugs is lacking up to now. Methods: This research did to 61 patient who had rhabdomyolysis of drug intoxication. First, object patients were divided into two gruops: doxylamine-ingested (Group I) vs non-doxylamine ingested (Group II). And then we analyzed on the early patient's clinical events and laboratory data. We used ROC curve to recognize'the early clinical factors that could forecast ARF appearance among these patients in addition. Results: Almost rhabdomyolysis was happened by doxylamine in drug intoxication ($55.7\%$). However, as compared to group II, group I showed better clinical course, lesser ARF occurrence and hemodialysis requirement. In group II, time was longer in hospital reaching from intoxication, the ARF occurrence rate was higher ($52.6\%$). Analyzing the ROC curve to useful initial factors, they were creatinine, uric acid and interval time from ingestion to hospital. These cut-off values were 1.44 mg/dL, 6.8 mg/dL and 5 hrs. Sensitivity for ARF estimate was $100\%$, specificity $69-98\%$. Conclusion: Compared to group II, Doxylamine-ingested group showed good clinical course. Creatinine, uric acid, interval time from ingestion to hospital aided in ARF estimate in drug-induced rhabdomyolysis.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 2003

Endosulfan, one of organochlorine insecticides, is $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist. In sufficient dose, this pesticide lower the seizure threshold and produce CNS stimulation, with resultant seizures, respiratory failure, and death. In patients with endosulfan intoxication, the first manifestation of toxicity is largely a generalized seizure without prodromal signs or symptoms. So the management of airway and seizure control are essential for survival and prognosis of intoxicated patients. We report two cases of acute endosulfan poisoning who manifest 'status epilepticus' similarly, but have different prognosis.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2002

Effect of cadmium (Cd) intoxication on renal acid-base regulation was studied in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Cd intoxication was induced by subcutaneous injections of $CdCl_2$ at a dose of 2 mg Cd/kg/day for $3{\sim}4$ weeks. In Cd-intoxicated animals, arterial pH, $PCO_2$ and plasma bicarbonate concentration decreased, showing a metabolic acidosis. Urine pH and urinary bicarbonate excretion increased and titratable acid excretion decreased with no change in ammonium excretion. In renal cortical brush-border membrane vesicles derived from Cd-exposed animals, the $Na^+/H^+$ antiporter activity was significantly attenuated. These results indicate that chronic exposures to Cd impair the proximal tubular mechanism for $H^+$ secretion (i.e., $Na^+/H^+$ antiport), leading to a metabolic acidosis.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.563-570
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• 2005

Tamoxifen citrate (TAM), is widely used for treatment of breast cancer. It showed a degree of hepatic carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the antioxidant capacity of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract (GTE) against TAM-induced liver injury. A model of liver injury in female rats was done by intraperitoneal injection of TAM in a dose of $45\;mg\;Kg^{-1}\;day^{-1}$, i.p. for 7 successive days. GTE in the concentration of 1.5%, was orally administered 4 days prior and 14 days after TAM-intoxication as a sole source of drinking water. The antioxidant flavonoid; epicatechin (a component of green tea) was not detectable in liver and blood of rats in either normal control or TAM-intoxicated group, however, TAM intoxication resulted in a significant decrease of its level in liver homogenate of tamoxifen-intoxicated rats. The model of TAM-intoxication elicited significant declines in the antioxidant enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase,glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) and reduced glutathione concomitant with significant elevations transaminase) levels. The oral administration of 1.5% GTE to TAM-intoxicated rats, produced significant increments in the antioxidant enzymes and reduced glutathione concomitant with significant decrements in TBARS and liver transaminases levels. The data obtained from this study speculated that 1.5% GTE has the capacity to scavenge free radical and can protect against oxidative stress induced by TAM intoxication. Supplementation of GTE could be useful in alleviating tamoxifen-induced liver injury in rats.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.151-160
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• 1997

This study was planned to evaluate the urinary ascorbic acid as a new biological marker for the intoxication of cadmium, which could possibly be driven by its increased utilization and environmental pollution. In order to meet this goal, we have peformed measurement of urinary ascorbic acid concentration, histopathological examination of the kidney, and biochemical test for the liver function using cadmium-intoxicated rats by oral administration. The average concentrations of urinary ascorbic acid in the $CdCl_2$-treated rats were 214.0 mg/dl for 100 ppm group and 254.3 mg/dl for 200 ppm group during experimental period of 50 days. These levels are 24 and 28 times higher than one in the control group (9.0 mg/dl), respectively. Ultrastructural study showed the eosinophilic hyaline cast and focal effacement, fusion in the renal tubules, as well as loss of foot processes on the glomerular epithelial cells. These results suggested that cadmium may be responsible for renal glomerular injury. The blood levels of AST, ALT and LDH in the treated groups (199 IU/I, 88 IU/I, 1190 U/I for the 100 ppm group and 270 IU/I, 226 IU/I, 760 U/I for the 200 ppm group) were higher than ones in the control group(143 IU/I, 50 IU/I, 334 U/I). These results indicated the cadmium induced the damage of liver function. In conclusion, the administration of cadmium showed a remarkable increase of urinary ascorbic acid with renal and hepatic damage. Therefore, it is expected that measurement of urinary ascorbic acid would be an powerful method as a noninvasive biomarker for cadmium intoxication.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.130-135
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• 2020

Purpose: Taking large amounts of glyphosate is life-threatening, but the amounts of glyphosate taken by patients for suicide are not known precisely. The purpose of this study was to find the predictors of large amounts of glyphosate ingestion. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed patients presenting to an emergency department with glyphosate intoxication between 2010 and 2019, in a single tertiary hospital. The variables associated with the intake amounts were investigated. The parameters were analyzed by multivariate variate logistic regression analyses and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Of the 28 patients with glyphosate intoxication, 15 (53.6%) were in the large amounts group. Univariate analysis showed that metabolic acidosis, lactic acid, and corrected QT (QTc) interval were significant factors. In contrast, multivariate analysis presented the QTc interval as the only independent factor with intoxication from large amounts of glyphosate. (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 1.073, 1.011-1.139; p=0.020) The area under the ROC curve of the QTc interval was 0.838. Conclusion: The QTc interval is associated significantly with patients who visit the emergency department after being intoxicated by large amounts of glyphosate. These conclusions will help in the initial triage of patients with glyphosate intoxication.