• 산업융합연구
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2023

평활근 수축에 대한 감초산(glycyrrhizic acid)의 효과를 연구하고자 하였고 관련 상세 기전을 결정하기 위해 glycyrrhizic acid가 agonist-sensitive하게 평활근 수축한다는 가설을 제시하였다. S/D rats의 평활근을 수조 내 준비하였고 신호 변환기에서 평활근에 의한 운동 신호가 전기적 신호로 변환되어 생리기록기에 표시되는 데이터는 일원배치 분산분석으로 분석하였다. 재미있게도, 감초산은 불화물, 트롬복산 유사체 등 굵은 미세섬유성 조절성 수축제에 의한 평활근 수축을 중등도로 억제하였고 (농도 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 mM 불화물에서 p=0.113, 0.008, 0.004 (Student's t-test), p=0.113, 0.008, 0.004 (One way ANOVA), 그리고 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 mM 트롬복산 유사체에서 p=0.156, 0.004, 0.003 (Student's t-test), p=0.156, 0.004, 0.003 (One way ANOVA)) 포볼 에스테르 등 가는 미세섬유성 조절성 수축제에 의한 평활근 수축에 대해 효과가 소실되었다 (0.01, 0.03, 0.1 mM 포볼 에스테르에서 p=0.392, 0.086, 0.065 (Student's t-test), p=0.392, 0.086, 0.065 (One way ANOVA)). 이러한 결과는 내피 기능이 억제된 평활근에서 감초산은 평활근 내피에서 EDRF (NO) 생성 효과 외에 주로 ROCK 활성 감소 등 평활근에 대한 직접적 효과를 통해 최종적으로 평활근에서 악틴-미오신 상호작용을 제한하여 평활근을 이완시키는 것으로 생각된다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.363-377
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• 1998

After the investigation on the eye of Incilaria fruhstorieri with light and electron microscopes, the following results were obtained. The eye of Incilaria fruhstorferi comprises cornea, lens, vitreous body, retina, and optic nerve inward from the outside. Cornea is composed of squamous, cuboid, columnar and irregular cells, which appear to be light due to their low electron density. In their cytoplasms, glycogen granules, multivesicular body, and nucleus were observed. Vitreous body, located behind non-cellular transparent lens, is filled with long and short microvilli protruding from the retinal epithelia. Retinal epithelium, the organ to perceive objects, is divided into four parts; microvillar layer pigment layer, nuclear layer, and neutrophils layer, from the apical portion. Microvillar layer consists of the type-I photoreceptor cells and pigmented granule cells. In the apical portion of their cytoplasms, long microvilli (length, $19{\mu}m$) , short microvilli (length, $8{\mu}m$), and rolled microvilli grow thick in the irregular and mixed forms. Photoreceptor cells are classified into type-I and type-II, according to their structures. The type-I cell has the apical portion rising roundly like a fan and the lower part which looks like the helve of a fan. In the cytoplasm of the apical portion, there are clear vesicles, cored vesicles, ovoid mitochondria, and microfilaments, and in the cytoplasm of the lower part, photic vesicles with their diameters about 60nm aggregate densely. The type-II photoreceptor cell, located at the lower end of the type-I cells, has a very large ovoid nucleus 3nd no microvilli. In the cytoplasm of the type-II cell, the photic vesicles with sizes 60nm aggregate more densely than in the cytoplasm of the type-I cell. Pigmented cells are classified into type-A and type-B, according to their structures. The type-A is identified to be a large cell containing round granules (diameter, $0.5{\mu}m$) of very high electron density, while the type-B is identified as a small cell where the irregular granules (diameter, $0.6{\mu}m$) of a little lower electron density amalgamate. Nuclear layer ranges from the bottom of pigment layer to the top of the capsule, and contains three kinds of nuclei (nuclei of the type-II photoreceptor cell, pigmented granule cell, and accessory neuron). The capsules covering the outmost part of the eyeball are composed of collagenous fiber and three longitudinal muscle layers (the thickness of each longitudinal muscle layer, $0.4{\mu}m$) and thick circular muscle layer (thickness, $0.3{\mu}m$). Around the capsules, there is a neurophile layer consisting of neurons and nerve fibers. Each neuron has a relatively large ovoid nucleus for its cytoplasm, and in the karyosome, large lumps of keterochromatin form a wheel nucleus.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.165-172
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• 1995

참굴큰입흡충(Gymophazloides seoi) 피낭유충 및 성충의 표피층(일반 표피. 흡반 부위 및 ventral pit)의 미세구조를 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 피낭유충은 자연감염된 굴에서 분리하 였고. 성충은 실험감염시킨 C3H 마우스에서 획득하였다. 일반적으로 표피층은 합포체의 응기 및 굴곡이 심하지 않았고, 다수의 미토콘드리아와 수많은 작은 공포들이 관찰되었으며. 근육층 아래에 는 표피세포의 핵이 위치하고 있었다. 피낭유충과 성충에서 표피층의 구조적인 차이는 발견되지 않았다. 구흡반에는 잘 발달된 근육층이 분포하였고. 복흡반은 구흡반과 비슷한 구조였으나 합포체의 fold수가 구흡반보다 많았다. Ventralpit은 합포체층의 두께가 얇았으며. 많은 수의 microtubule 과 미토콘드리아가 관찰되었다. 주위에는 종주근과 윤주근 다발들이 잘 발달되어 있었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 참굴큰입흡충 표피층의 미세구조는 피낭유충과 성충 사이에 별다른 차이가 없었으며 흡충류의 일반적인 구조와 대체로 일치하였다. 이 흡충의 특징적 구조물인 ventralpit은 괄약근 또는 보조 흡착기관으로서의 역할을 수행할 것으로 생각하였다.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.46-55
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe performance and education needs related to neurologic assessment by neurologic ward nurses. Methods: The study was conducted with a cross-sectional descriptive design. Participants, 297 neurologic ward nurses working in ten major hospitals in Seoul and Gyeonggi were surveyed from September 7 to October 1, 2015. Results: The mean score for performance of neurologic assessments was 3.04 points. Performances performed with high quality were orientation exam, mental status documentation, and muscle strength of extremities in that order. Performances performed with low quality were assessment of accessory nerves, hypoglossal nerves, and cerebellum function in that order. There were significant differences according to whether there was ward education programs on neurologic assessment and teaching experiences within a year. These variables significantly affected the quality of neurologic assessment performance. The need for neurologic assessment training was 3.14 points. Conclusion: Amount of performance and demand for education on neurologic assessment, which are required in the clinical setting, were significantly high. To perform neurologic assessments with high quality, development of education program for neurologic assessment and continuous education courses are required at either the department or neurological nursing organization level.

• 치과방사선
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.341-355
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• 1999

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of oral cancer and odontogenic myxoma is relatively uncommon benign tumor of mesenchymal origin. There are, to our knowledge, no prior reports of simultaneously occurring squamous cell carcinoma and odontogenic myxoma of the jaw bones. In this case, at first, the plain films and computed tomograms revealed a large expansile multilocular radiolucent lesion on left mandible and marked expansion of cortical plate. In addition this radiograms revealed also infiltrative bony destruction of anterior and medial border of ascending ramus of left mandible and alveolar bone of left maxilla, floating teeth on left lower molar area and metastatic enlargement of left submandibular, jugular digastric and spinal accessory lymphnodes. Magnetic resonance imaging of this patient revealed infiltrative growth of tumor on alveolar bone of left maxilla, left retromolar fat pad. left masseter and left medial pterygoid muscle. Intraoral presurgical biopsy presented typical features of squamous cell carcinoma. After chemotherapy with radiation therapy during 6 months. this central lesion was diagnosed as odontogenic myxoma by the postsurgical biopsy. After 3 months, this patient presented multiple metastatic signs at lumbar spines, rib and liver. Consequently, our case is simultaneous occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma and odontogenic myxoma.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.441-448
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• 2017

Bisphenol-A(BPA) is a member of alkylphenol family, and shows adverse effects including reduced fertility, reproductive tract abnormalities, metabolic disorder, cancer induction, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity. In the present study, we conducted Hershberger assay to evaluate whether the two candidates to replace BPA have androgenic or antiandrogenic activity. The assay was carried out using immature castrated Sprague-Dawley male rats. After 7 days of the surgery, testosterone propionate (TP, 0.4 mg/kg/day) and test materials (low dose, 40 mg/kg/day; high dose, 400 mg/kg/day) were administered for 10 consecutive days by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection and oral gavage, respectively. Test materials were BPA, isosorbide (ISO) and cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM). The rats were necropsied, and then the weights of five androgen-dependent tissues [ventral prostate, seminal vesicle, levator ani-bulbocavernosus (LABC) muscle, paired Cowper's glands, and glans penis] and three androgen-insensitive tissues (kidney, spleen and liver) were measured. All test materials including BPA did not exhibit any androgenic activity in the assay. On the contrary, antiandrogen-like activities were found in all test groups, and the order of the intensity was CHDM > BPA > ISO in the five androgen-sensitive tissues. There was no statistical difference between low dose treatment and high dose treatment of BPA group as well as ISO group. In CHDM group, high dose treatment exhibited most severe weight reduction in all measured tissues. There was no statistical difference in androgen-insensitive tissue measurements, except BPA groups. Since the effects of ISO treatment on the accessory sex organs were much less or not present at all when compared to those of BPA, ISO could be a strong candidate to replace BPA. CHDM treatment brought most severe weight reduction in all of androgen-sensitive tissues, so this material should be excluded for further screening of BPA substitute selection.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2018

In the present study, we employed Hershberger assay to determine possible androgenic or antiandrogenic activities of three di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) substitute candidates. The assay was carried out using immature castrated Sprague-Dawley male rats. After 7 days of the surgery, testosterone propionate (TP, 0.4 mg/kg/day) and test materials (low dose, 40 mg/kg/day; high dose, 400 mg/kg/day) were administered for 10 consecutive days by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection and oral gavage, respectively. Test materials were DEHP, 2-ethylhexyl oleate (IOO), 2-ethylhexyl stearate (IOS) and triethyl 2-acetylcitrate (ATEC). The rats were necropsied, and then the weights of five androgen-dependent tissues [ventral prostate, seminal vesicle, coagulating glands, levator ani-bulbocavernosus (LABC) muscle, paired Cowper's glands, and glans penis] and four androgen-insensitive tissues (kidney, adrenal glands, spleen and liver) were measured. All test materials including DEHP did not exhibit any androgenic activity in the assay. On the contrary, antiandrogen-like activities were found in all test groups, and the order of the intensity was ATEC < DEHP < ISO < IOO in the five androgen-sensitive tissues. There was no statistical difference between low dose treatment and high dose treatment of all replacement candidate groups. In DEHP groups, high dose treatment exhibited significant weight gains in LABC and Glan Penis. There was no statistical difference in androgen-insensitive tissue measurements. Since the effects of ATEC treatment on the accessory sex organs were much less or not present at all when compared to those of DEHP, ATEC could be a strong candidate to replace DEHP. IOO treatment brought most severe weight reduction in all of androgen-sensitive tissues, so this material should be excluded for further screening of DEHP substitute selection.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.167-183
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• 1987

The anatomical structure of the Skeleton of thoracic limb of thirty-one adult Korean native goats(body weight: 14~17kg) was observed after skeletal preparation, and the osteometry was performed in each bone. The results were as follows; 1. The thoracic limb of the Korean native goat was composed of scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges and sesamoid bones. 2. The scapula was flat and triangular in shape. There were no distinct tuber of spine and acromion in the spine. The subscapular fossa was deep and triangular in shape and the vertebral border was sigmoid form. The coracoid bone was formed as the coracoid process at the medial aspect of the supraglenoid tubercle but the clavicle wa.s not observed. The left and right scapular indexes were 57.92 and 58.31 and the glenoid cavity indexes were 89.23 and 86.82, respectively. 3. The greater tubercle of the humerus was devided into cranial and caudal parts. The third tubercle was observed and the face for the infraspinatus muscle was rectangular form. The left and right humerus indexes were 32.44 and 32.63, the head indexes were 94.13, 96.62 and the trochlear-epidondyle indexes were 67.32 and 65.81, respectively. 4. The radius and ulna were fused entirely except at the broad proximal and narrow distal interosseous spaces. The ulna was longer than the radius, and its reduced body and distal end were fused at the caudomedial surface of the radius. 5. The carpal bones were six in number. There were radial, intermediate, ulnar, accessory, second-third and fourth carpal hones in carpal bones. 6. The metacarpal bone was composed of a large metacarpal bone resulted from the fusion of the third and fourth metacarpal bones, and there was a metacarpal tubercle at the dorsolateral part of the proximal end. There were no vestiges of the second and fifth metacarpal bones. 7. The digits were composed of third and fourth digits and each digit was composed of the proximal, middle and distal phalanges. 8. The sesamoid bones were six in number. There were two at the fetlock joint and one at the coffine joint palmarly in each digit. 9. The ratios of the lengths among the scapula, humerus, antebrachium and metacarpal bone were 1.42 : 1.47 : 1.77 : 1.00 in the left and 1.42 : 1.45 : 1.77 : 1.00 in the right, respectively.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.569-584
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• 1993

This study was done to verify validity of nursing diagnoses related to difficulty in respiratory function. First, content validity was examined by an expert group considering the etiology and the signs / symptoms of three nursing diagnoses - ineffective airway clearance, ineffective breathing pattern, impaired gas exchange. Second, clinical validity was examined by comparing the frequencies of the etiologies and signs / symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses in clinical case studies with the results of the content validity. This study was a descriptive study. The sample consisted of 23 experts (professors, head nurses and clinical instructors) who had had a variety of experiences using nursing diagnoses in clinical practice, and 102 case reports done by senior student nurses of the college of nursing of Y-university. These reports were part of their clinical practice in the ICU. The instrument used for this study was a checklist for etiologies and signs and symptoms based on the literature, Doenges and Moorhouse (1988), Kim, McFarland, McLane (1991), Lee Won Hee et al. (1987), Kim Cho Ja et at. (1988). The data was collected over four month period from May 1992 to Aug. 1992. Data were analyzed using frequencies done with the SPSS / PC＋ package. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. General Characteristics of the Expert Group A bachelor degree was held by 43.5% and a master or doctoral degree by 56.5% of the expert group. The average age of the expert group was 35.3 years. Their average clinical experience was 9.3 years and their average experience in clinical practice was 5.9 years. The general characteristics of the patients showed that there were more women than men, that the age range was from 1 to over 80. Most of their medical diagnoses were diagnoses related to the respiratory. system, circulation or neurologic system, and 50% or more of them had a ventilator with intubation or a tracheostomy. The number of cases for each nursing diagnoses was : · Ineffective airway clearance, 92 cases. · Ineffective breathing pattern, 18 cases. · Impaired gas exchange, 22 cases. 2. The opinion of the expert group as to the classification of the etiology, and signs and symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses was as follows : · In 31.8% of the cases the classification of etiology was clear. · In 22.7%, the classification of signs and symptoms was clear. · In 17.4%, the classification of nursing interventions was clear. 3. In the expert group 80% or mere agreed to ‘dysp-nea’as a common sign and symptom of the three nursing diagnoses. The distinguishing signs and symptoms of (Ineffective airway clearance) were ‘sputum’, ‘cough’, ‘abnormal respiratory sounds : rales’. The distinguishing sings and symptoms of (Ineffective breathing pattern) were ‘tachypnea’, ‘use of accessory muscle of respiration’, ‘orthopnea’ and for (Impaired gas exchange) it was ‘abnormal arterial blood gas’, 4. The distribution of etiology, and signs and symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses was as follows : · There was a high frequency of ‘increased secretion from the bronchus and trachea’ in both the expert group and the case reports as the etiology of ineffective airway clearance. · For the etiologies for ineffective breathing pat-tern, ‘rain’, ‘anxiety’, ‘fear’, ‘obstructions of the tract, ca and bronchus’ had a high ratio in the ex-pert group and ‘decreased expansion of lung’ in the case reports. · For the etiologies for impaired gas exchanges, ‘altered oxygen -carrying capacity of the blood’ and ‘excess accumulation of interstitial fluid in lung’ had a high ratio in the expert group and ‘altered oxygen supply’ in the case reports. · For signs and symptoms for ineffective airway clearance, ‘dyspnea’, ‘altered amount and character of sputum’ were included by 100% of the expert group. ‘Abnormal respiratory. sound(rate, rhonchi)’ were included by a high ratio of the expert group. · For the signs and symptoms for ineffective breathing pattern. ‘dyspnea’, ‘shortness of breath’ were included by 100% of the expert group. In the case reports, ‘dyspnea’ and ‘tachypnea’ were reported as signs and symptoms. · For the sign and symptoms for impaired gas exchange, ‘hypoxia’ and ‘cyanosis’ had a high ratio in the expert group. In the case report, ‘hypercapnia’, ‘hypoxia’ and ‘inability to remove secretions’ were reported as signs and symptoms. In summary, the similarity of the etiologies and signs and symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses related to difficulty in respiratory function makes it difficult to distinguish among them But the clinical validity of three nursing diagnoses was established through this study, and at last one sign and symp-tom was defined for each diagnosis.