• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.238-248
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• 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the safety of 208 types of residue pesticides on 150 dried agricultural products in Ulsan. The pesticide residues were detected using GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS, GC/ECD, GC/NPD, and LC/PDA. The detection rate was 19.3% (29 of 150 samples), and 28 types of pesticides were detected. Two of the 29 pesticide residues exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL). Difenoconazole was detected in Ulleungdo aster, and chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos were detected in chili pepper leaves. In the vegetable group, the frequency of pesticide residues was found to be the highest in dried leafy vegetables, followed by dried fruiting vegetables other than cucurbit vegetables, and then dried stalk and stem vegetables. The pesticide types detected in the commercial dried agricultural products were fungicide (60%), insecticide (23.8%), and acaricide (16.3%). In the validation study, the values of limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), coefficient of determination (R²), and recovery rate were in the range of 0.0001-0.0409 mg/kg, 0.0003-0.1241 mg/kg, 0.994-0.999, and 81.58-116.79%, respectively. The ratio of estimated daily intake (EDI)/acceptable daily intake (ADI) was 0.00002-0.31395%.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.152-157
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• 2023

This study was aimed to investigate pesticides residue levels in nuts and seeds distributed in Gyeonggi-do. We investigated nuts and seeds in 131 products, which is pumpkin seeds (n=17), sunflower (n=12), sesame (n=23), perilla (n=11), peanut (n=18), almond (n=8), chestnut (n=6), walnut (n=14), pine nut (n=3), pecan (n=4), macadamia (n=3), brazil nut (n=5), cashew nut (n=4) and ginkgo nut (n=3). As a result of evaluating 339 pesticide residues, eight out of 131 samples were detected at the range of 0.01-0.07 mg/kg. Additionally, 7 out of 8 detected samples exceeded MRLs (Maximum Residue Limits) and 85% of them were imported. Pyraclostrobin applied on the positive list system (PLS) was detected in five Chinese pumpkin seeds samples, and the range was 0.02-0.04 mg/kg. In Indian and Korean sesame seeds, pendimethalin, boscalid, and bifenthrin were detected at 0.04, 0.05, and 0.06 mg/kg, respectively. The ratio of estimated daily intake (EDI) to acceptable daily intake (ADI) was 0.002-0.372%, indicating that the risk level was safe.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2024

Using the freezing removal method, we investigated residual pesticides in 50 grape seed oils distributed in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. The fat was mixed with acetonitrile and then frozen at ≤-20℃ for 24 h. Fats and oils were removed by separating those in solid state and the extract acetonitrile in liquid state. Ten residual pesticides were detected 161 times in 49 of 50 cases. The detected pesticides were boscalid, cyclufenamide, deltamethrin, difenoconazole, fluxapyroxad, fenpyrazamine, kresoxim-methyl, piperonyl butoxide, tebuconazole, and trifluoxysorbin. Boscalid, a fungicide, was most frequently detected (44 times), followed by fluxapiroxad (35 times). The detection range was 0.01-1.10 mg/kg, which was within the legal limit of residual pesticide for grapes. The recovery rate of the detected pesticides was 72.6-129.8% and the ratio of estimated daily intake/acceptable daily intake was calculated to determine the risk of the detected pesticides, which was <0.0028%. This indicated that the risk caused by pesticide residues in grape seed oil is at a safe level.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.1515-1522
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• 2008

Monitoring the pesticide residues in agricultural products is essential to protect consumers, obtain data for risk assessment, and ensure fair trade practices. We developed a multi-residue method for the analysis of 37 pesticides with different physico-chemical properties in agricultural products and analyzed the amount of pesticide residues on about 1,000 samples circulated in South Korea. The samples consisted of 26 different types of agricultural products selected at markets in 14 major cities; cereals (2 species), nuts (1 species) potatoes (1 species), beans (2 species), fruits (3 species), vegetables (16 species), and mushrooms (1 species). In this study, residual pesticides were detected in 23 samples (2.2%) and one sample was detected to be over maximum residue limits (MRLs, 0.1%) for pesticides in foods by the Korea food code. In leafy vegetables such as pepper leaves, radish leaves, cham-na-mul, shin-sun-cho, crown daisy, chwi-na-mul and citrus fruits such as kumquat, 8 kinds of pesticides were detected. Specially, diazinon were detected over MRLs and also, endosulfan, ethoprophos and phenthoate were detected frequently. Based on these results, we investigated the risk assesment from amount of residual pesticide, total %ADI was 1.262%, but the value has not effected on human health.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.493-499
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• 2017

This study was conducted to monitor the current status of pesticide residues and sulfur dioxide in a total of 91 functional rice products from February to October 2016. Multi class pesticide multiresidue methods of 220 pesticides was performed by the GC/ECD, GC/NPD, GC/TOF/MS, LC/PDA, and LC/FLD. As a result of analysis, the pesticides were detected in 3 samples, representing a detection rate of 3.3%. The kind of pesticides was propiconazole and isoprothiolane used for germicide in agriculture or plant growth regulator purposes. The detected levels were 0.0340~0.0566 mg/kg, which were under the MRL (Maximum Residues Limits). The contents of sulfur dioxide in 91 samples by the Monier-Williams method were not detected. Risk assessment of pesticides evaluated using human health exposure with the ratio of EDI (Estimated daily intake) to ADI (Acceptable daily intake). %ADI (the ratios of EDI to ADI) were 0.24~1.25% with safety level.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.440-445
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to monitor the current status of pesticide residues and to assess their risk in domestic agricultural products. The samples were rice, barley, lettuce and perilla leaf. These four types of agricultural products were those with GAP(Good Agricultural Practice) certification, organic agricultural products, pesticide-free agricultural products or general agricultural products. METHODS AND RESULTS: They were purchased from traditional markets and supermarkets of 12 regions in Korea from July to August 2010. The total number of samples was 259 for agricultural products and these were analyzed by GC/ECD, GC/NPD and GC/MSD. We used multiresidue methods to analyze for 110 different pesticides except for herbicides. CONCLUSION: In this study, residual pesticides were detected in 18 samples. Among these general agricultural products, organic agricultural products and products with GAP-certification were detected in 12, 4 and 2 samples, respectively. Detection rates of general agricultural products, organic agricultural products and products with GAPcertification were 4.6%, 1.5% and 0.8% respectively. Pesticides were not detected in pesticide-free agricultural products. Their detection levels were less than their maximum residue levels. Their estimated daily intakes ranged from 0.0003% to 0.04302% of their acceptable daily intakes, of which the values have no effect on human health.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.348-353
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• 2019

This study was conducted to monitor the carbendazim residues in soybean and mungbean sprouts using LC-MS/MS method. Eighty-two samples were collected from markets in western Seoul. No carbendazim was detected in mungbean sprouts, however, it was detected in 6 among 59 soybean sprout samples showing a 10.2% of detection rate. Among these 6 carbendazim- detected soybean sprout samples, five exceeded the maximum residue limit presenting 83.3% of violation rate. The mean concentration in the detected samples was 0.063 mk/kg (0.012 ~ 0.104 mg/kg) and 5 of the 6 detected samples came from bulk sold products. None of the samples came from domestic products; three were from imported products and 3 were from unidentified sources. Risk assessment for the carbendazim from soybean sprout dietary intake was deemed safe and at less than 1 %Acceptable Daily Intake.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2013

This study was performed to analyze 48 kinds of pesticide residues using gas chromatography (GC)/nitrogen phosphorous detector, GC/micro electron capture detector, GC/mass selective detector, and high performance liquid chromatograph/diode array detector in 186 fresh ginseng samples collected in the Seoul area from 2010 to 2011. Fresh ginseng dietary intakes were estimated using the data from the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition examination survey. Residual pesticides were detected in 79 samples (42.5%) with eight different fungicides. Only 20 samples (10.8%) exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides registered by the Korea Food & Drug Administration. Among them, tolclofos-methyl residues (10.2%) exceeded the MRL for fresh ginseng in 18 ginseng seedlings and one of the two-year old fresh ginseng plants, and the residual level in just one ginseng seedling violated the MRL for pyrimethanil. The results showed that residual pesticides levels in marketable fresh ginseng around Seoul were relatively safe. The percent acceptable daily intake (%ADI) was calculated using pesticide residues in fresh ginseng and dietary intakes of fresh ginseng. The risk caused by pesticide residues in fresh ginseng was very low.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.235-242
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is the establishment of scientific processes for making food safety policies. Thus, we investigated pesticide residue level of the agricultural commodities from market, and performed risk assessment. Fifteen agricultural items are chosen based on the frequency of Korean consumption. The samples were collected from 9 cities where populations are more than one million. Total 283 active ingredients were monitoring ( total sample number =232). Single-analysis of target pesticides was for three kinds of possible growth regulators and the multicomponent analysis was for 280 kinds of pesticides, a total of 283 species were selected to perform the pesticide residues. Before monitoring the analytes, the improvements of the analytical methods were done by method validations under the CODEX analytical method development guidelines and can produce metrics that represent the international standards applied in accordance with the guidelines. In addition to residual pesticides detected during monitoring we compare the ADI to EDI values using detected result and dietary consumption data which is extracted from annual market basket survey. The 163 samples were non-detected in the total 232 samples so it means that every agricultural commodity will residual pesticides-free in 70.3%. The detected residual pesticides showed for a total of 69 cases (29.7%). Two of samples violate Korean MRL (0.9%). The ratio of EDI compared to ADI resulted in only from 0.00087 to 0.902%. In result, we can assume that all detected residual pesticides are very safe level and current policies of Korean pesticides control may be working.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.192-202
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• 2010

Pesticide residues were investigated in 16 commodities (rice, foxtail millet, buckwheat, kidney bean, peanut, sesame, orange, grapefruit, kiwifruit, spinach, perilla leaves, leek, garlic stem, garlic, ginger and oak mushroom) collected from 22 provinces (Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, Ulsan, Suwon, Seongnam, Goyang, Bucheon, Yongin, Cheongju, Jeonju, Jeju, Cheonan, Changwon, Pohang, Gumi, Jinju, Wonju and Yeosu) in 2009. Pesticides (172 kinds) were analyzed using multiresidue method by GC/MS/MS from 510 samples, and phenthoate in kiwifruit was violated by exceeding MRL. The intake assessment for 24 kinds of pesticide residues including the detected pesticides at multi pesticide residue monitoring (bifenthrin etc.) were carried out. The result showed that the ratio of EDI (estimated daily intake) to ADI (acceptable daily intake) was 0.000007~0.458% which means that the detected pesticide residues were in a safe range so that residual pesticides in the agricultural products in Korea.